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of each paper to access MedLine abstract at NLM site Sun D, Zhao P, Jia H, Wang D, Zhang W. Results of biofeedback therapy together with electrical stimulation in faecal incontinence with myogenic lesions. Acta Chir Belg. 2008 May-Jun;108(3):313-7. Jung E, Huh CY, Choe BK.Anal Incontinence after Childbirth: Incidence in the Korean Population. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2008 Jul 31;66(4):248-252. Carmona R, Company RA, Vila JR, Bueno AS, Martí P.Long-term results of artificial bowel sphincter for the treatment of severe fecal incontinence. Are they what we hoped? Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul 25 Roman S, Tatagiba T, Damon H, Barth X, Mion F.Sacral nerve stimulation and rectal function: results of a prospective study in faecal incontinence. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2008 Jul 14. Meurette G, La Torre M, Regenet N, Robert-Yap J, Lehur P.Value of Sacral Nerve Stimulation in the treatment of severe faecal incontinence: A comparison to the Artificial Bowel Sphincter. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul 15 Tjandra JJ, Chan MK, Yeh HC.Injectable silicone biomaterial (PTQ(trade mark)) is more effective than carbon-coated beads (Durasphere((R))) in treating passive faecal incontinence - a randomised trial. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul 15. Pinedo G, García E, Zárate AJ, León F, Bellolio F, Molina ME, Viviani P, Zúñiga A.Are topical estrogens useful in faecal incontinence? Double blind randomized trial. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul 11. Macmillan AK, Merrie AE, Marshall RJ, Parry BR.Design and Validation of a Comprehensive Fecal Incontinence Questionnaire. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Jul 15. Cattle KR, Douglas L, Kiff ES.Programming InterStimtrade mark for faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul 4. Titi MA, Jenkins JT, Urie A, Molloy RG.Perineum compression during EAUS enhances visualisation of anterior anal sphincter defects. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul 4. Worsøe J, Christensen P, Krogh K, Buntzen S, Laurberg S.Long-Term Results of Antegrade Colonic Enema in Adult Patients: Assessment of Functional Results. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Jul 12 Kim DW, Yoon HM, Park JS, Kim YH, Kang SB.Radiofrequency energy delivery to the anal canal: is it a promising new approach to the treatment of fecal incontinence? Am J Surg. 2008 Jul 8 Mahony R, Behan M, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C.Effect of second vaginal delivery on anal function in patients at risk of occult anal sphincter injury after first forceps delivery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Sep;51(9):1361-6. Lefebure B, Tuech JJ, Bridoux V, Gallas S, Leroi AM, Denis P, Michot F.Temperature-controlled radio frequency energy delivery (Secca(R) procedure) for the treatment of fecal incontinence: results of a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Oct;23(10):993-7. Dobben AC, Terra MP, Deutekom M, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J.[Limited predictive value of diagnostic tests for outcomes following pelvic floor physiotherapy in patients with faecal incontinence] Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd. 2008 May 31;152(22):1277-82. Dutch. Fader M, Cottenden A, Getliffe K, Gage H, Clarke-O'Neill S, Jamieson K, Green N, Williams P, Brooks R, Malone-Lee J.Absorbent products for urinary/faecal incontinence: a comparative evaluation of key product designs. Health Technol Assess. 2008 Jul;12(29):iii-iv, ix-185. Review. Siproudhis L, Eléouet M, Rousselle A, El Alaoui M, Ropert A, Bretagne JF.Overt rectal prolapse and fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Sep;51(9):1356-60. Ganio E, Marino F, Giani I, Luc AR, Clerico G, Novelli E, Trompetto M.Injectable synthetic calcium hydroxylapatite ceramic microspheres (Coaptite) for passive fecal incontinence. Tech Coloproctol. 2008 Jun;12(2):99-102. Dean N, Wilson D, Herbison P, Glazener C, Aung T, Macarthur C.Sexual function, delivery mode history, pelvic floor muscle exercises and incontinence: a cross-sectional study six years post-partum. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2008 Jun;48(3):302-11. Bharucha AE, Seide BM, Zinsmeister AR, Melton LJ 3rd.Relation of bowel habits to fecal incontinence in women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2008 Jun;103(6):1470-5. Damon H, Schott AM, Barth X, Faucheron JL, Abramowitz L, Siproudhis L, Fayard MO, Colin C, Valancogne G, Bonniaud V, Mion F; The French ORALIA Group.Clinical characteristics and quality of life in a cohort of 621 patients with faecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Sep;23(9):845-851. Nordenstam J, Mellgren A, Altman D, López A, Johansson C, Anzén B, Li ZZ, Zetterström J.Immediate or delayed repair of obstetric anal sphincter tears-a randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2008 Jun;115(7):857-65. Chan MK, Tjandra JJ.Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: external anal sphincter defect vs. intact anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Jul;51(7):1015-24; discussion 1024-5. Erekson EA, Sung VW, Myers DL.Effect of body mass index on the risk of anal incontinence and defecatory dysfunction in women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008 May;198(5):596.e1-4. Frudinger A, Ballon M, Taylor SA, Halligan S.The natural history of clinically unrecognized anal sphincter tears over 10 years after first vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2008 May;111(5):1058-64. Bordeianou L, Lee KY, Rockwood T, Baxter NN, Lowry A, Mellgren A, Parker S.Anal resting pressures at manometry correlate with the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index and with presence of sphincter defects on ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Jul;51(7):1010-4. Michelsen HB, Christensen P, Krogh K, Rosenkilde M, Buntzen S, Theil J, Laurberg S.Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence alters colorectal transport. Br J Surg. 2008 Jun;95(6):779-84. O'Riordan JM, Healy CF, McLoughlin D, Cassidy M, Brannigan AE, O'Connell PR.Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Ir J Med Sci. 2008 Jun;177(2):117-9. Fowler GE, Adams EJ, Bolderson J, Hosker G, Lowe D, Richmond DH, Alfirevic Z.Liverpool Ultrasound Pictorial Chart: the development of a new method of documenting anal sphincter injury diagnosed by endoanal ultrasound. BJOG. 2008 May;115(6):767-72. Tan E, Anstee A, Koh DM, Gedroyc W, Tekkis PP.Diagnostic precision of endoanal MRI in the detection of anal sphincter pathology: a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jun;23(6):641-51. Del Popolo G, Mosiello G, Pilati C, Lamartina M, Battaglino F, Buffa P, Redaelli T, Lamberti G, Menarini M, Di Benedetto P, De Gennaro M.Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study. Spinal Cord. 2008 Jul;46(7):517-22. Jarrett ME, Dudding TC, Nicholls RJ, Vaizey CJ, Cohen CR, Kamm MA.Sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence related to obstetric anal sphincter damage. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 May;51(5):531-7. Michelsen HB, Krogh K, Buntzen S, Laurberg S.A prospective, randomized study: switch off the sacral nerve stimulator during the night? Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 May;51(5):538-40. Tjandra JJ, Chan MK, Yeh CH, Murray-Green C.Sacral nerve stimulation is more effective than optimal medical therapy for severe fecal incontinence: a randomized, controlled study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 May;51(5):494-502 Bortolotti M, Ugolini G, Grandis A, Montroni I, Mazzero G.A novel magnetic device to prevent fecal incontinence (preliminary study). Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 May;23(5):499-501. Wasserberg N, Haney M, Petrone P, Crookes P, Rosca J, Ritter M, Kaufman HS.Fecal incontinence among morbid obese women seeking for weight loss surgery: an underappreciated association with adverse impact on quality of life. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 May;23(5):493-7. Terra MP, Deutekom M, Dobben AC, Baeten CG, Janssen LW, Boeckxstaens GE, Engel AF, Felt-Bersma RJ, Slors JF, Gerhards MF, Bijnen AB, Everhardt E, Schouten WR, Berghmans B, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J.Can the outcome of pelvic-floor rehabilitation in patients with fecal incontinence be predicted? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 May;23(5):503-11. Lauti M, Scott D, Thompson-Fawcett MW.Fibre supplementation in addition to loperamide for faecal incontinence in adults: a randomized trial. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul;10(6):553-62. Tan EK, Vaizey C, Cornish J, Darzi A, Tekkis PP.Surgical strategies for faecal incontinence--a decision analysis between dynamic graciloplasty, artificial bowel sphincter and end stoma. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jul;10(6):577-86. Parés D, Duncan J, Dudding T, Phillips RK, Norton C.Investigation to predict faecal continence in patients undergoing reversal of a defunctioning stoma (Porridge enema test). Colorectal Dis. 2008 May;10(4):379-85. Herbert J. Use of anal plugs in faecal incontinence management. Nurs Times. 2008 Apr 1-7;104(13):66-8. Soerensen MM, Lundby L, Buntzen S, Laurberg S. Intersphincteric injected silicone biomaterial implants, a treatment for faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Apr 28.Bordeianou L, Lee KY, Rockwood T, Baxter NN, Lowry A, Mellgren A, Parker S. Anal Resting Pressures at Manometry Correlate with the Fecal Incontinence Severity Index and with Presence of Sphincter Defects on Ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Apr 25. Stelzner S, Köhler K, Hellmich G, Witzigmann H. [Indications and results of sacral nerve stimulation in faecal incontinence.] Zentralbl Chir. 2008 Apr;133(2):135-41. German.O'Riordan JM, Healy CF, McLoughlin D, Cassidy M, Brannigan AE, O'Connell PR. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Ir J Med Sci. 2008 Jun;177(2):117-9. Terra MP, Beets-Tan RG, Vervoorn I, Deutekom M, Wasser MN, Witkamp TD, Dobben AC, Baeten CG, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Pelvic floor muscle lesions at endoanal MR imaging in female patients with faecal incontinence. Eur Radiol. 2008 Apr 4Abramov Y, Feiner B, Rosen T, Bardichev M, Gutterman E, Lissak A, Auslander R. Primary repair of advanced obstetric anal sphincter tears: should it be performed by the overlapping sphincteroplasty technique? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2008 Apr 3 Oberwalder M, Dinnewitzer A, Nogueras JJ, Weiss EG, Wexner SD. Imbrication of the external anal sphincter may yield similar functional results as overlapping repair in selected patients. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Mar 29Murphy J, Chan CL, Scott SM, Vasudevan SP, Lunniss PJ, Williams NS. Rectal augmentation: short- and mid-term evaluation of a novel procedure for severe fecal urgency with associated incontinence. Ann Surg. 2008 Mar;247(3):421-7. Tan EK, Jacovides M, Khullar V, Teoh TG, Fernando RJ, Tekkis PP. A cost-effectiveness analysis of delayed sphincteroplasty for anal sphincter injury. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Mar 18.Bliss DZ, Savik K. Use of an absorbent dressing specifically for fecal incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2008 Mar-Apr;35(2):221-8. Tan E, Anstee A, Koh DM, Gedroyc W, Tekkis PP. Diagnostic precision of endoanal MRI in the detection of anal sphincter pathology-a meta-analysis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Jun;23(6):641-651.Del Popolo G, Mosiello G, Pilati C, Lamartina M, Battaglino F, Buffa P, Redaelli T, Lamberti G, Menarini M, Di Benedetto P, De Gennaro M. Treatment of neurogenic bowel dysfunction using transanal irrigation: a multicenter Italian study. Spinal Cord. 2008 Mar 4 Gstaltner K, Rosen H, Hufgard J, Märk R, Schrei K. Sacral nerve stimulation as an option for the treatment of faecal incontinence in patients suffering from cauda equina syndrome. Spinal Cord. 2008 Mar 4.Jarrett ME, Dudding TC, Nicholls RJ, Vaizey CJ, Cohen CR, Kamm MA. Sacral Nerve Stimulation for Fecal Incontinence Related to Obstetric Anal Sphincter Damage. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 May;51(5):531-537. Michelsen HB, Krogh K, Buntzen S, Laurberg S.A prospective, randomized study: switch off the sacral nerve stimulator during the night? Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 May;51(5):538-40.Brosa M, Muñoz-Duyos A, Navarro-Luna A, Rodriguez JM, Serrano D, Gisbert R, Dziekan K, Segú JL. Cost-effectiveness analysis of sacral neuromodulation (SNM) with Interstim for fecal incontinence patients in Spain. Curr Med Res Opin. 2008 Mar;24(3):907-18 Tjandra JJ, Chan MK, Yeh CH, Murray-Green C. Sacral Nerve Stimulation is more Effective than Optimal Medical Therapy for Severe Fecal Incontinence: A Randomized, Controlled Study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 May;51(5):494-502.Pretlove SJ, Thompson PJ, Toozs-Hobson PM, Radley S, Khan KS. Does the mode of delivery predispose women to anal incontinence in the first year postpartum? A comparative systematic review. BJOG. 2008 Mar;115(4):421-34. Review. Vitton V, Gigout J, Grimaud JC, Bouvier M, Desjeux A, Orsoni P. Sacral Nerve Stimulation can Improve Continence in Patients with Crohn's Disease with Internal and External Anal Sphincter Disruption. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Feb 8.Gooneratne ML, Facer P, Knowles CH, Chan CL, Lunniss PJ, Scott SM, Anand P, Williams NS. Normalization of substance P levels in rectal mucosa of patients with faecal incontinence treated successfully by sacral nerve stimulation. Br J Surg. 2008 Apr;95(4):477-83. Soerensen MM, Bek KM, Buntzen S, Højberg KE, Laurberg S. Long-term outcome of delayed primary or early secondary reconstruction of the anal sphincter after obstetrical injury. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Mar;51(3):312-7.Maeda Y, Parés D, Norton C, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Does the St. Mark's incontinence score reflect patients' perceptions? A review of 390 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Apr;51(4):436-42. Wang JY, Patterson TR, Hart SL, Varma MG. Fecal incontinence: does age matter? Characteristics of older vs. younger women presenting for treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Apr;51(4):426-31.Takahashi-Monroy T, Morales M, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, Belmonte C, Barreto C, Zarate X, Bada O, Velasco L. SECCA procedure for the treatment of fecal incontinence: results of five-year follow-up. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Mar;51(3):355-9. Altomare DF, La Torre F, Rinaldi M, Binda GA, Pescatori M. Carbon-coated microbeads anal injection in outpatient treatment of minor fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2008 Apr;51(4):432-5.Thekkinkattil DK, Lim M, Stojkovic SG, Finan PJ, Sagar PM, Burke D. A classification system for faecal incontinence based on anorectal investigations. Br J Surg. 2008 Feb;95(2):222-8. Titi MA, Jenkins JT, Urie A, Molloy RG. Correlation between anal manometry and endosonography in females with faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Feb;10(2):131-7.Melenhorst J, Koch SM, Uludag O, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG. Is a morphologically intact anal sphincter necessary for success with sacral nerve modulation in patients with faecal incontinence? Colorectal Dis. 2008 Mar;10(3):257-62. Remes-Troche JM, Ozturk R, Philips C, Stessman M, Rao SS.Cholestyramine-a useful adjunct for the treatment of patients with fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Feb;23(2):189-94.Koch SM, Uludağ O, El Naggar K, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG.Colonic irrigation for defecation disorders after dynamic graciloplasty.Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Feb;23(2):195-200. Faaborg PM, Christensen P, Finnerup N, Laurberg S, Krogh K. The pattern of colorectal dysfunction changes with time since spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008 Mar;46(3):234-8.Maeda Y, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Pilot study of two new injectable bulking agents for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Mar;10(3):268-72. Dudding TC, Parés D, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Predictive factors for successful sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of faecal incontinence: a 10-year cohort analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Mar;10(3):249-56Bordeianou L, Rockwood T, Baxter N, Lowry A, Mellgren A, Parker S. Does incontinence severity correlate with quality of life? Prospective analysis of 502 consecutive patients. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Mar;10(3):273-9. Kim T, Chae G, Chung SS, Sands DR, Speranza JR, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Faecal incontinence in male patients. Colorectal Dis. 2008 Feb;10(2):124-30.Huebner M, Margulies RU, Fenner DE, Ashton-Miller JA, Bitar KN, Delancey JO. Age Effects on Internal Anal Sphincter Thickness and Diameter in Nulliparous Females. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul 27; Michot F, Tuech JJ, Lefebure B, Bridoux V, Denis P. A New Implantation Procedure of Artificial Sphincter for Anal Incontinence: The Transvaginal Approach.Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul 27; Gaj F, Trecca A, Crispino P. [Efficacy of PTQ agent in the treatment of faecal incontinence] Chir Ital. 2007 May-Jun;59(3):355-9. Italian. Petersen S, Jongen J, Petersen C, Sailer M. Radiation-Induced Sequelae Affecting the Continence Organ: Incidence, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul 27; Maeda Y, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Pilot study of two new injectable bulking agents for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jul 26; Dudding TC, Pares D, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Predictive factors for successful sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of faecal incontinence: a 10-year cohort analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jul 26; Mowatt G, Glazener C, Jarrett M. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD004464. Hosker G, Cody J, Norton C. Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD001310. Coggrave M. Transanal irrigation for bowel management. Nurs Times. 2007 Jun 26-Jul 2;103(26):47, 49. de la Portilla F, Fernandez A, Leon E, Rada R, Cisneros N, Maldonado VH, Vega J, Espinosa E. Evaluation of the use of PTQ(TM)implants for the treatment of incontinent patients due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 30; Bordeianou L, Rockwood T, Baxter N, Lowry A, Mellgren A, Parker S. Does incontinence severity correlate with quality of life? Prospective analysis of 502 consecutive patients. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 30; Thekkinkattil DK, Lim M, Finan PJ, Sagar PM, Burke D. Awareness of investigations and treatment of faecal incontinence among the general practitioners: a postal questionnaire survey. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 30; Fritel X, Ringa V, Varnoux N, Zins M, Breart G. Mode of delivery and fecal incontinence at midlife: a study of 2,640 women in the Gazel cohort. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jul;110(1):31-8. Padmanabhan A, Stern M, Wishin J, Mangino M, Richey K, DeSane M; Flexi-Seal Clinical Trial Investigators Group. Clinical evaluation of a flexible fecal incontinence management system. Am J Crit Care. 2007 Jul;16(4):384-93. Cazemier M, Felt-Bersma RJ, Mulder CJ. Anal plugs and retrograde colonic irrigation are helpful in fecal incontinence or constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun 14;13(22):3101-5. Park JS, Kang SB, Kim DW, Namgung HW, Kim HL. The efficacy and adverse effects of topical phenylephrine for anal incontinence after low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 12; Mentes BB, Yuksel O, Aydin A, Tezcaner T, Leventoglu A, Aytac B. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report. Tech Coloproctol. 2007 Jun;11(2):115-9. Melenhorst J, Koch SM, Uludag O, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG. Sacral neuromodulation in patients with faecal incontinence: results of the first 100 permanent implantations. Colorectal Dis. 2007 May 17; Pehl C, Enck P, Franke A, Frieling T, Heitland W, Herold A, Hinninghofen H, Karaus M, Keller J, Krammer HJ, Kreis M, Kuhlbusch-Zicklam R, Monnikes H, Munnich U, Schiedeck T, Schmidtmann M; German Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility; Commission Proctology of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases; German Society for Coloprotology; Surgical Working Group Coloproctology of the German Society for Visceral Surgery on Anorectal Manometry in Adults. [Anorectal manometry] Z Gastroenterol. 2007 May;45(5):397-417. German. Pietsch AP, Fietkau R, Klautke G, Foitzik T, Klar E. Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on postoperative fecal continence and anal sphincter function in rectal cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 May 12; Gett RM, Gyorki D, Keck J, Chen F, Johnston M. 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