- Click on the title of each paper to access MedLine abstract at NLM site
Fecal Incontinence

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Transperineal Three-Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging for Detection of Anatomic Defects in the Anal Sphincter Complex Muscles.  Weinstein MM, Pretorius DH, Jung SA, Nager CW, Mittal RK. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2008 Aug 16

A prospective study assessing anal plug for containment of faecal soilage and incontinence. Chew MH, Quah HM, Ooi BS, Lim JF, Ho KS, Tang CL, Eu KW.  Colorectal Dis. 2008 Sep;10(7):677-80.

Sun D, Zhao P, Jia H, Wang D, Zhang W.

Koch SM, Uludağ O, El Naggar K, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG.Colonic irrigation for defecation disorders after dynamic graciloplasty.Int J Colorectal Dis. 2008 Feb;23(2):195-200.

Huebner M, Margulies RU, Fenner DE, Ashton-Miller JA, Bitar KN, Delancey JO. Age Effects on Internal Anal Sphincter Thickness and Diameter in Nulliparous Females. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul 27;

Michot F, Tuech JJ, Lefebure B, Bridoux V, Denis P. A New Implantation Procedure of Artificial Sphincter for Anal Incontinence: The Transvaginal Approach.
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul 27;

Gaj F, Trecca A, Crispino P. [Efficacy of PTQ agent in the treatment of faecal incontinence] Chir Ital. 2007 May-Jun;59(3):355-9. Italian.

Petersen S, Jongen J, Petersen C, Sailer M. Radiation-Induced Sequelae Affecting the Continence Organ: Incidence, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jul 27;

Maeda Y, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Pilot study of two new injectable bulking agents for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jul 26;

Dudding TC, Pares D, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Predictive factors for successful sacral nerve stimulation in the treatment of faecal incontinence: a 10-year cohort analysis. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jul 26;

Mowatt G, Glazener C, Jarrett M. Sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence and constipation in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD004464.

Hosker G, Cody J, Norton C. Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Jul 18;(3):CD001310.

Coggrave M. Transanal irrigation for bowel management. Nurs Times. 2007 Jun 26-Jul 2;103(26):47, 49.

de la Portilla F, Fernandez A, Leon E, Rada R, Cisneros N, Maldonado VH, Vega J, Espinosa E. Evaluation of the use of PTQ(TM)implants for the treatment of incontinent patients due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction.
Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 30;

Bordeianou L, Rockwood T, Baxter N, Lowry A, Mellgren A, Parker S. Does incontinence severity correlate with quality of life? Prospective analysis of 502 consecutive patients. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 30;

Thekkinkattil DK, Lim M, Finan PJ, Sagar PM, Burke D. Awareness of investigations and treatment of faecal incontinence among the general practitioners: a postal questionnaire survey. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 30;

Fritel X, Ringa V, Varnoux N, Zins M, Breart G. Mode of delivery and fecal incontinence at midlife: a study of 2,640 women in the Gazel cohort. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jul;110(1):31-8.

Padmanabhan A, Stern M, Wishin J, Mangino M, Richey K, DeSane M; Flexi-Seal Clinical Trial Investigators Group. Clinical evaluation of a flexible fecal incontinence management system. Am J Crit Care. 2007 Jul;16(4):384-93.

Cazemier M, Felt-Bersma RJ, Mulder CJ. Anal plugs and retrograde colonic irrigation are helpful in fecal incontinence or constipation. World J Gastroenterol. 2007 Jun 14;13(22):3101-5.

Park JS, Kang SB, Kim DW, Namgung HW, Kim HL. The efficacy and adverse effects of topical phenylephrine for anal incontinence after low anterior resection in patients with rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jun 12;

Mentes BB, Yuksel O, Aydin A, Tezcaner T, Leventoglu A, Aytac B. Posterior tibial nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence after partial spinal injury: preliminary report. Tech Coloproctol. 2007 Jun;11(2):115-9.

Melenhorst J, Koch SM, Uludag O, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG. Sacral neuromodulation in patients with faecal incontinence: results of the first 100 permanent implantations. Colorectal Dis. 2007 May 17;

Pehl C, Enck P, Franke A, Frieling T, Heitland W, Herold A, Hinninghofen H, Karaus M, Keller J, Krammer HJ, Kreis M, Kuhlbusch-Zicklam R, Monnikes H, Munnich U, Schiedeck T, Schmidtmann M; German Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility; Commission Proctology of the German Society for Digestive and Metabolic Diseases; German Society for Coloprotology; Surgical Working Group Coloproctology of the German Society for Visceral Surgery on Anorectal Manometry in Adults. [Anorectal manometry] Z Gastroenterol. 2007 May;45(5):397-417. German.

Pietsch AP, Fietkau R, Klautke G, Foitzik T, Klar E. Effect of neoadjuvant chemoradiation on postoperative fecal continence and anal sphincter function in rectal cancer patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 May 12;

Gett RM, Gyorki D, Keck J, Chen F, Johnston M. CR09 MANAGING FAECAL INCONTINENCE: THE ROLE OF PTQ INJECTIONS. ANZ J Surg. 2007 May;77(s1):A16.

Siproudhis L, Morcet J, Laine F. Elastomer implants in faecal incontinence: a blind, randomized placebo-controlled study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2007 May 1;25(9):1125-32.

Maeda Y, Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA. Long-term results of perianal silicone injection for faecal incontinence.
Colorectal Dis. 2007 May;9(4):357-61.

Hayes J, Shatari T, Toozs-Hobson P, Busby K, Pretlove S, Radley S, Keighley M. Early results of immediate repair of obstetric third-degree tears: 65% are completely asymptomatic despite persistent sphincter defects in 61%. Colorectal Dis. 2007 May;9(4):332-6.

Holzer B, Rosen HR, Novi G, Ausch C, Holbling N, Schiessel R. Sacral nerve stimulation for neurogenic faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2007 Jun;94(6):749-53.

Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Rubini D, Rubini G, Portincasa P, Vacca M, Artor NA, Romano G, Memeo V.

Fenech DS, Takahashi T, Liu M, Spencer L, Swallow CJ, Cohen Z, Macrae HM, McLeod RS. Function and quality of life after transanal excision of rectal polyps and cancers. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 May;50(5):598-603.

Dobben AC, Terra MP, Deutekom M, Gerhards MF, Bijnen AB, Felt-Bersma RJ, Janssen LW, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J.  Anal inspection and digital rectal examination compared to anorectal physiology tests and endoanal ultrasonography in evaluating fecal incontinence.
Int J Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jul;22(7):783-90.

Byrne CM, Solomon MJ, Young JM, Rex J, Merlino CL. Biofeedback for fecal incontinence: short-term outcomes of 513 consecutive patients and predictors of successful treatment. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Apr;50(4):417-27.  

Brown Sr, Nelson R. Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2007 Apr 18;(2):CD001757. Review.  

Wilson M. The impact of faecal incontinence on the quality of life. Br J Nurs. 2007 Feb 22-Mar 7;16(4):204-7.  

Potter J, Peel P, Mian S, Lowe D, Irwin P, Pearson M, Wagg A. National audit of continence care for older people: management of faecal incontinence. Age Ageing. 2007 May;36(3):268-73.  

Mahony R, Behan M, Daly L, Kirwan C, O'Herlihy C, O'Connell PR. Internal anal sphincter defect influences continence outcome following obstetric anal sphincter injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Mar;196(3):217.e1-5. 

Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Rubini D, Rubini G, Portincasa P, Vacca M, Artor NA, Romano G, Memeo V. Long-Term Functional Assessment of Antegrade Colonic Enema for Combined Incontinence and Constipation Using a Modified Marsh and Kiff Technique. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Feb 15;

Fillmann HS, Llessuy S, Marroni CA, Fillmann LS, Marroni NP. Diabetes mellitus and anal sphincter pressures: an experimental model in rats. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Apr;50(4):517-22.  

Gooneratne ML, Scott SM, Lunniss PJ. Unilateral pudendal neuropathy is common in patients with fecal incontinence.
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Apr;50(4):449-58.   

Guise JM, Morris C, Osterweil P, Li H, Rosenberg D, Greenlick M. Incidence of fecal incontinence after childbirth.
Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Feb;109(2 Pt 1):281-8.  

Dobben AC, Terra MP, Slors JF, Deutekom M, Gerhards MF, Beets-Tan RG, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. External anal sphincter defects in patients with fecal incontinence: comparison of endoanal MR imaging and endoanal US. Radiology. 2007 Feb;242(2):463-71.  

Chatoor DR, Taylor SJ, Cohen CR, Emmanuel AV. Faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2007 Feb;94(2):134-44. Review.  

Valsky DV, Messing B, Petkova R, Savchev S, Rosenak D, Hochner-Celnikier D, Yagel S. Postpartum evaluation of the anal sphincter by transperineal three-dimensional ultrasound in primiparous women after vaginal delivery and following surgical repair of third-degree tears by the overlapping technique.
Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Feb;29(2):195-204.  

Deutekom M, Dobben AC, Terra MP, Engel AF, Stoker J, Bossuyt PM, Boeckxstaens GE. Clinical presentation of fecal incontinence and anorectal function: what is the relationship? Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;102(2):351-61. 

Bael AM, Benninga MA, Lax H, Bachmann H, Janhsen E, De Jong TP, Vijverberg M, Van Gool JD; European Bladder Dysfunction Study and EU#BMH-CT. Functional urinary and fecal incontinence in neurologically normal children: symptoms of one 'functional elimination disorder'? BJU Int. 2007 Feb;99(2):407-12.

Starck M, Bohe M, Valentin L. Effect of vaginal delivery on endosonographic anal sphincter morphology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2007 Feb;130(2):193-201.

Hetzer FH, Hahnloser D, Clavien PA, Demartines N. Quality of life and morbidity after permanent sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. Arch Surg. 2007 Jan;142(1):8-13.

Grey BR, Sheldon RR, Telford KJ, Kiff ES. Anterior anal sphincter repair can be of long term benefit: a 12-year case cohort from a single surgeon. BMC Surg. 2007 Jan 11;7:1.

Ehrenpreis ED, Chang D, Eichenwald E. Pharmacotherapy for Fecal Incontinence: A Review.
Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jan 3;

Bond C, Youngson G, MacPherson I, Garrett A, Bain N, Donald S, Macfarlane TV. Anal plugs for the management of fecal incontinence in children and adults: a randomized control trial. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007 Jan;41(1):45-53.

Fitzgerald MP, Weber AM, Howden N, Cundiff GW, Brown MB; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Risk factors for anal sphincter tear during vaginal delivery.
Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Jan;109(1):29-34.

Maslekar S, Gardiner AB, Duthie GS. Anterior anal sphincter repair for fecal incontinence: Good longterm results are possible. J Am Coll Surg. 2007 Jan;204(1):40-6.

Pla-Marti V, Moro-Valdezate D, Alos-Company R, Solana-Bueno A, Roig-Vila JV. The effect of surgery on quality of life in patients with faecal incontinence of obstetric origin. Colorectal Dis. 2007 Jan;9(1):90-5.

Kisli E, Kisli M, Agargun H, Altinokyigit F, Kamaci M, Ozman E, Kotan C. Impaired function of the levator ani muscle in the grand multipara and great grand multipara. Tohoku J Exp Med. 2006 Dec;210(4):365-72.

Richter HE, Fielding JR, Bradley CS, Handa VL, Fine P, FitzGerald MP, Visco A, Wald A, Hakim C, Wei JT, Weber AM; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Endoanal ultrasound findings and fecal incontinence symptoms in women with and without recognized anal sphincter tears. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;108(6):1394-401.

Trowbridge ER, Morgan D, Trowbridge MJ, Delancey JO, Fenner DE. Sexual function, quality of life, and severity of anal incontinence after anal sphincteroplasty. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;195(6):1753-7.

da Silva GM, Gurland B, Sleemi A, Levy G. Posterior vaginal wall prolapse does not correlate with fecal symptoms or objective measures of anorectal function. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Dec;195(6):1742-7.

Kenefick NJ. Sacral nerve neuromodulation for the treatment of lower bowel motility disorders. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006 Nov;88(7):617-23.

Ayas S, Leblebici B, Sozay S, Bayramoglu M, Niron EA. The effect of abdominal massage on bowel function in patients with spinal cord injury. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2006 Dec;85(12):951-5.

Thornton MJ, Lubowski DZ. Obstetric-induced incontinence: a black hole of preventable morbidity.
Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006 Dec;46(6):468-73.

Poirier M, Abcarian H, Nelson R. Malone antegrade continent enema: an alternative to resection in severe defecation disorders. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jan;50(1):22-8.

Deutekom M, Dobben AC, Terra MP, Engel AF, Stoker J, Bossuyt PM, Boeckxstaens GE. Clinical presentation of fecal incontinence and anorectal function: what is the relationship? Am J Gastroenterol. 2007 Feb;102(2):351-61.

Dobben AC, Terra MP, Deutekom M, Gerhards MF, Bijnen AB, Felt-Bersma RJ, Janssen LW, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Anal inspection and digital rectal examination compared to anorectal physiology tests and endoanal ultrasonography in evaluating fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Nov 10;

Gourcerol G, Gallas S, Michot F, Denis P, Leroi AM. Sacral nerve stimulation in fecal incontinence: are there factors associated with success? Dis Colon Rectum. 2007 Jan;50(1):3-12.

Schrag HJ, Ruthmann O, Doll A, Goldschmidtboing F, Woias P, Hopt UT. Development of a novel, remote-controlled artificial bowel sphincter through microsystems technology. Artif Organs. 2006 Nov;30(11):855-62.

Stojkovic SG, Lim M, Burke D, Finan PJ, Sagar PM. Intra-anal collagen injection for the treatment of faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2006 Dec;93(12):1514-8.

Fox JC, Fletcher JG, Zinsmeister AR, Seide B, Riederer SJ, Bharucha AE. Effect of aging on anorectal and pelvic floor functions in females.
Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Nov;49(11):1726-35.

Lemelle JL, Guillemin F, Aubert D, Guys JM, Lottmann H, Lortat-Jacob S, Mouriquand P, Ruffion A, Moscovici J, Schmitt M. Quality of life and continence in patients with spina bifida. Qual Life Res. 2006 Nov;15(9):1481-92.

Hetzer FH, Bieler A, Hahnloser D, Lohlein F, Clavien PA, Demartines N. Outcome and cost analysis of sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence.
Br J Surg. 2006 Nov;93(11):1411-7.

Tillin T, Gannon K, Feldman RA, Williams NS. Third-party prospective evaluation of patient outcomes after dynamic graciloplasty. Br J Surg. 2006 Nov;93(11):1402-10.

Leung MW, Wong BP, Leung AK, Cho JS, Leung ET, Chao NS, Chung KW, Kwok WK, Liu KK. Electrical stimulation and biofeedback exercise of pelvic floor muscle for children with faecal incontinence after surgery for anorectal malformation. Pediatr Surg Int. 2006 Dec;22(12):975-8.

Quander CR, Morris MC, Mendes de Leon CF, Bienias JL, Evans DA. Association of fecal incontinence with physical disability and impaired cognitive function.
Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Nov;101(11):2588-93.

Andrews C, Bharucha AE, Seide B, Zinsmeister AR. Rectal sensorimotor dysfunction in women with fecal incontinence. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007 Jan;292(1):G282-9.

Wietek BM, Hinninghofen H, Jehle EC, Enck P, Franz HB. Asymmetric sphincter innervation is associated with fecal incontinence after anal sphincter trauma during childbirth. Neurourol Urodyn. 2007;26(1):134-9.

Healy CF, Brannigan AE, Connolly EM, Eng M, O'sullivan MJ, McNamara DA, Cusack C, Deasy JM. The effects of low-frequency endo-anal electrical stimulation on faecal incontinence: a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Dec;21(8):802-6.

Evans C, Davis K, Kumar D. Overlapping anal sphincter repair and anterior levatorplasty: effect of patient's age and duration of follow-up. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Dec;21(8):795-801. 

Martinez Hernandez Magro P, Godinez Guerrero MA, Rivas Larrauri E, Herrera Huterer D, Barron Vega R.  [Anal incontinence caused by an obstetric trauma. Experience with the technique of overlapping sphincteroplasty] Ginecol Obstet Mex. 2006 Aug;74(8):418-23. Spanish. 

Borello-France D, Burgio KL, Richter HE, Zyczynski H, Fitzgerald MP, Whitehead W, Fine P, Nygaard I, Handa VL, Visco AG, Weber AM, Brown MB; Pelvic Floor Disorders Network. Fecal and urinary incontinence in primiparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Oct;108(4):863-72.

Nelson RL, Westercamp M, Furner SE. A systematic review of the efficacy of cesarean section in the preservation of anal continence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Oct;49(10):1587-95.  

Terra MP, Beets-Tan RG, van der Hulst VP, Deutekom M, Dijkgraaf MG, Bossuyt PM, Dobben AC, Baeten CG, Stoker J. MRI in evaluating atrophy of the external anal sphincter in patients with fecal incontinence. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2006 Oct;187(4):991-9.  

Dench JE, Gooneratne M, Hickey F, Williams NS, Lunniss PJ, Scott M. Evacuation proctography - should it be part of the assessment of all patients with faecal incontinence? Colorectal Dis. 2006 Oct;8(8):723.

Gooneratne M, Lunniss PJ, Hickey F, Williams NS, Scott SM. Rectal sensory dysfunction is prevalent in faecal incontinence.
Colorectal Dis. 2006 Oct;8(8):722-3.   

Colquhoun P, Kaiser R Jr, Efron J, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Vernava AM 3rd, Wexner SD. Is the quality of life better in patients with colostomy than patients with fecal incontience?
World J Surg. 2006 Oct;30(10):1925-8.  

Christensen P, Bazzocchi G, Coggrave M, Abel R, Hultling C, Krogh K, Media S, Laurberg S. A randomized, controlled trial of transanal irrigation versus conservative bowel management in spinal cord-injured patients. Gastroenterology. 2006 Sep;131(3):738-47.   

Lefevre JH, Parc Y, Giraudo G, Bell S, Parc R, Tiret E. Outcome of antegrade continence enema procedures for faecal incontinence in adults. Br J Surg. 2006 Oct;93(10):1265-9.  

Casale AJ, Metcalfe PD, Kaefer MA, Dussinger AM, Meldrum KK, Cain MP, Rink RC. Total continence reconstruction: a comparison to staged reconstruction of neuropathic bowel and bladder.
J Urol. 2006 Oct;176(4 Pt 2):1712-5.   

Wietek BM, Hinninghofen H, Jehle EC, Enck P, Franz HB. Asymmetric sphincter innervation is associated with fecal incontinence after anal sphincter trauma during childbirth.
Neurourol Urodyn. 2006 Aug 29;   

Ruthmann O, Fischer A, Hopt UT, Schrag HJ.  [Dynamic graciloplasty vs artificial bowel sphincter in the management of severe fecal incontinence.] Chirurg. 2006 Oct;77(10):926-938. German. 

Hetzer FH, Andreisek G, Tsagari C, Sahrbacher U, Weishaupt D. MR defecography in patients with fecal incontinence: imaging findings and their effect on surgical management. Radiology. 2006 Aug;240(2):449-57. 

Terra MP, Dobben AC, Berghmans B, Deutekom M, Baeten CG, Janssen LW, Boeckxstaens GE, Engel AF, Felt-Bersma RJ, Slors JF, Gerhards MF, Bijnen AB, Everhardt E, Schouten WR, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Electrical stimulation and pelvic floor muscle training with biofeedback in patients with fecal incontinence: a cohort study of 281 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Aug;49(8):1149-59.

Kaur G, Gardiner A, Duthie GS. A new method of assessing anal sphincter integrity using inverted vectormanometry.
Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Aug;49(8):1160-6.   

Bottin A, Cescon C, Nowakowski M, Herman RM. Non-invasive assessment of the gracilis muscle by means of surface electromyography electrode arrays. J Surg Res. 2006 Aug;134(2):265-9.

Queralto M, Portier G, Cabarrot PH, Bonnaud G, Chotard JP, Nadrigny M, Lazorthes F. Preliminary results of peripheral transcutaneous neuromodulation in the treatment of idiopathic fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Oct;21(7):670-2.  

Dobben AC, Terra MP, Berghmans B, Deutekom M, Boeckxstaens GE, Janssen LW, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Functional changes after physiotherapy in fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Sep;21(6):515-21.  

Steele SR, Lee P, Mullenix PS, Martin MJ, Sullivan ES. Is there a role for concomitant pelvic floor repair in patients with sphincter defects in the treatment of fecal incontinence? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Sep;21(6):508-14.

Fernando R, Sultan AH, Kettle C, Thakar R, Radley S. Methods of repair for obstetric anal sphincter injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;3:CD002866. Review. 

Norton C, Cody JD, Hosker G. Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults.
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;3:CD002111. Review.  

Hetzer FH, Andreisek G, Tsagari C, Sahrbacher U, Weishaupt D MR defecography in patients with fecal incontinence: imaging findings and their effect on surgical management. Radiology. 2006 Aug;240(2):449-57. 

Bano F, Barrington JW. Prevalence of anorectal dysfunction in women attending health care services. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006 Jun 21; 

Oberwalder M, Dinnewitzer A, Baig MK, Nogueras JJ, Weiss EG, Efron J, Vernava AM 3rd, Wexner SD. Do internal anal sphincter defects decrease the success rate of anal sphincter repair?
Tech Coloproctol. 2006 Jul;10(2):94-7; discussion 97.  

Bharucha AE, Zinsmeister AR, Locke GR, Seide BM, McKeon K, Schleck CD, Melton LJ 3rd. Risk factors for fecal incontinence: a population-based study in women. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006 Jun;101(6):1305-12. 

Varma MG, Brown JS, Creasman JM, Thom DH, Van Den Eeden SK, Beattie MS, Subak LL; Reproductive Risks for Incontinence Study at Kaiser (RRISK) Research Group. Fecal incontinence in females older than aged 40 years: who is at risk? Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jun;49(6):841-51. 

Fernando RJ, Sultan AH, Kettle C, Radley S, Jones P, O'Brien PM. Repair techniques for obstetric anal sphincter injuries: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jun;107(6):1261-8. 

Simpson RR, Kennedy ML, Nguyen MH, Dinning PG, Lubowski DZ. Anal manometry: a comparison of techniques. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jul;49(7):1033-8. 

Michelsen HB, Buntzen S, Krogh K, Laurberg S. Rectal volume tolerability and anal pressures in patients with fecal incontinence treated with sacral nerve stimulation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jul;49(7):1039-44. 

Mahony R, O'Herlihy C. Recent impact of anal sphincter injury on overall Caesarean section incidence. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2006 Jun;46(3):202-4.

Uludag O, Koch SM, Dejong CH, van Gemert WG, Baeten CG. Sacral neuromodulation; does it affect colonic transit time in patients with faecal incontinence? Colorectal Dis. 2006 May;8(4):318-22. 

Ricciardi R, Mellgren AF, Madoff RD, Baxter NN, Karulf RE, Parker SC. The utility of pudendal nerve terminal motor latencies in idiopathic incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jun;49(6):852-7.  

Terra MP, Deutekom M, Beets-Tan RG, Engel AF, Janssen LW, Boeckxstaens GE, Dobben AC, Baeten CG, de Priester JA, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Relationship between external anal sphincter atrophy at endoanal magnetic resonance imaging and clinical, functional, and anatomic characteristics in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 May;49(5):668-78.  

Patel DA, Xu X, Thomason AD, Ransom SB, Ivy JS, DeLancey JO. Childbirth and pelvic floor dysfunction: an epidemiologic approach to the assessment of prevention opportunities at delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Jul;195(1):23-8.  

Pretlove SJ, Radley S, Toozs-Hobson PM, Thompson PJ, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS. Prevalence of anal incontinence according to age and gender: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2006 Jun;17(4):407-17.

Hadidi AT. An external device for faecal incontinence.
Eur J Pediatr Surg. 2006 Apr;16(2):109-14.

Antao B, Ng J, Roberts J. Laparoscopic antegrade continence enema using a two-port technique. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A. 2006 Apr;16(2):168-73.

Brazzelli M, Griffiths P. Behavioural and cognitive interventions with or without other treatments for the management of faecal incontinence in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD002240. Review.

Coggrave M, Wiesel PH, Norton C. Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Apr 19;(2):CD002115. Review.

Ricciardi R, Mellgren AF, Madoff RD, Baxter NN, Karulf RE, Parker SC. The Utility of Pudendal Nerve Terminal Motor Latencies in Idiopathic Incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Apr 10;

Healy CF, Brannigan AE, Connolly EM, Eng M, O'sullivan MJ, McNamara DA, Cusack C, Deasy JM. The effects of low-frequency endo-anal electrical stimulation on faecal incontinence: a prospective study. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Mar 17;

Hill K, Fanning S, Fennerty MB, Faigel DO. Endoanal ultrasound compared to anorectal manometry for the evaluation of fecal incontinence: a study of the effect these tests have on clinical outcome. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Feb;51(2):235-40.

Evans C, Davis K, Kumar D. Overlapping anal sphincter repair and anterior levatorplasty: effect of patient's age and duration of follow-up. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Mar 7;

Yagmurlu A, Harmon CM, Georgeson KE. Laparoscopic cecostomy button placement for the management of fecal incontinence in children with Hirschsprung's disease and anorectal anomalies.
Surg Endosc. 2006 Apr;20(4):624-7.

Chan MK, Tjandra JJ. Injectable silicone biomaterial (PTQ) to treat fecal incontinence after hemorrhoidectomy. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Apr;49(4):433-9.

Norton C, Gibbs A, Kamm MA. Randomized, controlled trial of anal electrical stimulation for fecal incontinence.
Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Feb;49(2):190-6.

Pescatori M, Boffi F, Russo A, Zbar AP. Complications and recurrence after excision of rectal internal mucosal prolapse for obstructed defaecation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2006 Mar;21(2):160-5.

Pollack J, Holm T, Cedermark B, Holmstrom B, Mellgren A. Long-Term Effect of Preoperative Radiation Therapy on Anorectal Function. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jan 31;

Hansen JL, Bliss DZ, Peden-McAlpine C. Diet Strategies Used by Women to Manage Fecal Incontinence. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2006 January/February;33(1):52-61.

Palmieri B, Benuzzi G, Bellini N. The anal bag: a modern approach to fecal incontinence management. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2005 Dec;51(12):44-52.

Mousa HM, van den Berg MM, Caniano DA, Hogan M, Di Lorenzo C, Hayes J. Cecostomy in children with defecation disorders. Dig Dis Sci. 2006 Jan;51(1):154-60.

Deutekom M, Terra MP, Dobben AC, Dijkgraaf MG, Felt-Bersma RJ, Stoker J, Bossuyt PM. Selecting an outcome measure for evaluating treatment in fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Dec;48(12):2294-301 

Hultman CS, Zenn MR, Agarwal T, Baker CC.Restoration of fecal continence after functional gluteoplasty: long-term results, technical refinements, and donor-site morbidity. Ann Plast Surg. 2006 Jan;56(1):65-70; discussion 70-1.

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Cazemier M, Terra MP, Stoker J, de Lange-de Klerk ES, Boeckxstaens GE, Mulder CJ, Felt-Bersma RJ. Atrophy and defects detection of the external anal sphincter: comparison between three-dimensional anal endosonography and endoanal magnetic resonance imaging. Dis Colon Rectum. 2006 Jan;49(1):20-7.

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Byrne CM, Solomon MJ, Rex J, Young JM, Heggie D, Merlino C. Telephone vs. face-to-face biofeedback for fecal incontinence: comparison of two techniques in 239 patients. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Dec;48(12):2281-8.

Fitzpatrick M, O'Herlihy C. Short-term and long-term effects of obstetric anal sphincter injury and their management. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Dec;17(6):605-10.

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Leroi AM, Parc Y, Lehur PA, Mion F, Barth X, Rullier E, Bresler L, Portier G, Michot F; Study Group. Efficacy of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence: results of a multicenter double-blind crossover study. Ann Surg. 2005 Nov;242(5):662-9.

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Fowler AL, Mills A, Durdey P, Thomas MG. Single-fiber electromyography correlates more closely with incontinence scores than pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Dec;48(12):2309-12.

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Haas U, Geng V, Evers GC, Knecht H. Bowel management in patients with spinal cord injury -- a multicentre study of the German speaking society of paraplegia (DMGP). Spinal Cord. 2005 Dec;43(12):724-30.

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Dobben AC, Terra MP, Berghmans B, Deutekom M, Boeckxstaens GE, Janssen LW, Bossuyt PM, Stoker J. Functional changes after physiotherapy in fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005 Oct 22;:1-7 

Pucciani F, Boni D, Perna F, Bassotti G, Bellini M. Descending Perineum Syndrome: Are Abdominal Hysterectomy and Bowel Habits Linked?Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Sep 22;  

Fowler AL, Mills A, Durdey P, Thomas MG. Single-Fiber Electromyography Correlates More Closely With Incontinence Scores Than Pudendal Nerve Terminal Motor Latency. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Oct 7; 

Abbas SM, Bissett IP, Neill ME, Parry BR. Long-term outcome of postanal repair in the treatment of faecal incontinence. ANZ J Surg. 2005 Sep;75(9):783-6. 

Allgayer H, Dietrich CF, Rohde W, Koch GF, Tuschhoff T. Prospective comparison of short- and long-term effects of pelvic floor exercise/biofeedback training in patients with fecal incontinence after surgery plus irradiation versus surgery alone for colorectal cancer: clinical, functional and endoscopic/endosonographic findings. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2005 Oct;40(10):1168-75. 

Putta S, Andreyev HJ. Faecal incontinence: A late side-effect of pelvic radiotherapy. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol). 2005 Sep;17(6):469-77.  

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Thornton MJ, Kennedy ML, Lubowski DZ. Extracorporeal magnetic stimulation of the pelvic floor: impact on anorectal function and physiology. A pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Oct;48(10):1945-50. 

Jarrett ME, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Effect of sacral neuromodulation for faecal incontinence on sexual activity. Colorectal Dis. 2005 Sep;7(5):523-5.  

McKinnie V, Swift SE, Wang W, Woodman P, O'Boyle A, Kahn M, Valley M, Bland D, Schaffer J. The effect of pregnancy and mode of delivery on the prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence.
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Muller C, Belyaev O, Deska T, Chromik A, Weyhe D, Uhl W. Fecal incontinence: an up-to-date critical overview of surgical treatment options. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2005 Nov;390(6):544-52.  

Prott G, Hansen R, Badcock C, Kellow J, Malcolm A. What is the optimum methodology for the clinical measurement of resting anal sphincter pressure? Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2005 Aug;17(4):595-9. 

Steele SR, Lee P, Mullenix PS, Martin MJ, Sullivan ES. Is there a role for concomitant pelvic floor repair in patients with sphincter defects in the treatment of fecal incontinence? Int J Colorectal Dis. 2005 Aug 2;:1-7 

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Terra MP, Beets-Tan RG, van Der Hulst VP, Dijkgraaf MG, Bossuyt PM, Dobben AC, Baeten CG, Stoker J. Anal sphincter defects in patients with fecal incontinence: endoanal versus external phased-array MR imaging. Radiology. 2005 Sep;236(3):886-95.  

Uludag O, Morren GL, Dejong CH, Baeten CG. Effect of sacral neuromodulation on the rectum. Br J Surg. 2005 Aug;92(8):1017-23. 

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Conaghan P, Farouk R. Sacral nerve stimulation can be successful in patients with ultrasound evidence of external anal sphincter disruption. Dis Colon Rectum. 2005 Aug;48(8):1610-4.  

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Hecker L, Baar K, Dennis RG, Bitar KN.Development of a three-dimensional physiological model of the internal anal sphincter bioengineered in vitro from isolated smooth muscle cells.
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Aase LJ, Sommerfelt K, Berstad T. [Appendicostomy for fecal incontinence in children and young people with myelomeningocele] Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2002 Nov 20;122(28):2696-9. Norwegian.

Frudinger A, Halligan S, Spencer JA, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Winter R. Influence of the subpubic arch angle on anal sphincter trauma and anal incontinence following childbirth. BJOG. 2002 Nov;109(11):1207-12.

Damon H, Henry L, Barth X, Mion F. Fecal incontinence in females with a past history of vaginal delivery: significance of anal sphincter defects detected by ultrasound. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Nov;45(11):1445-50; discussion 1450-1.

Byrne CM, Pager CK, Rex J, Roberts R, Solomon MJ. Assessment of quality of life in the treatment of patients with neuropathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Nov;45(11):1431-6.

Bresler L, Reibel N, Brunaud L, Sielezneff I, Rouanet P, Rullier E, Slim K.[Dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of severe fecal incontinence. French multicentric retrospective study]Ann Chir. 2002 Sep;127(7):520-6. French.

Fernandez-Fraga X, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Significance of pelvic floor muscles in anal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2002 Nov;123(5):1441-50.

Elton C, Stoodley BJ. Anterior anal sphincter repair: results in a district general hospital. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2002 Sep;84(5):321-4.

Nazir M, Carlsen E, Jacobsen AF, Nesheim BI. Is there any correlation between objective anal testing, rupture grade, and bowel symptoms after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture?: an observational cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Oct;45(10):1325-31.

Meschia M, Buonaguidi A, Pifarotti P, Somigliana E, Spennacchio M, Amicarelli F. Prevalence of anal incontinence in women with symptoms of urinary incontinence and genital prolapse. Obstet Gynecol. 2002 Oct;100(4):719-23.

Schnelle JF, Alessi CA, Simmons SF, Al-Samarrai NR, Beck JC, Ouslander JG. Translating clinical research into practice: a randomized controlled trial of exercise and incontinence care with nursing home residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002 Sep;50(9):1476-83.

Sood AK, Nygaard I, Shahin MS, Sorosky JI, Lutgendorf SK, Rao SS. Anorectal dysfunction after surgical treatment for cervical cancer. J Am Coll Surg. 2002 Oct;195(4):513-9.

Giamundo P, Welber A, Weiss EG, Vernava AM 3rd, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. The procon incontinence device: a new nonsurgical approach to preventing episodes of fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Sep;97(9):2328-32.

Matzel KE, Stadelmaier U, Bittorf B, Hohenfellner M, Hohenberger W. Bilateral sacral spinal nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence after low anterior rectum resection. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002 Nov;17(6):430-4.

Bouchoucha M, Devroede G, Faye A, Arsac M. Importance of colonic transit evaluation in the management of fecal incontinence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2002 Nov;17(6):412-7.

Yerkes EB, Rink RC, Cain MP, Casale AJ. Use of a Monti channel for administration of antegrade continence enemas. J Urol. 2002 Oct;168(4 Pt 2):1883-5; discussion 1885.

Devesa JM, Rey A, Hervas PL, Halawa KS, Larranaga I, Svidler L, Abraira V, Muriel A. Artificial anal sphincter: complications and functional results of a large personal series. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Sep;45(9):1154-63.

Wong WD, Congliosi SM, Spencer MP, Corman ML, Tan P, Opelka FG, Burnstein M, Nogueras JJ, Bailey HR, Devesa JM, Fry RD, Cagir B, Birnbaum E, Fleshman JW, Lawrence MA, Buie WD, Heine J, Edelstein PS, Gregorcyk S, Lehur PA, Michot F, Phang PT, Schoetz DJ, Potenti F, Tsai JY. The safety and efficacy of the artificial bowel sphincter for fecal incontinence: results from a multicenter cohort study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Sep;45(9):1139-53.

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Williams AB, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Marshall MM, Spencer JA, Nicholls RJ, Kmiot WA. Alteration of anal sphincter morphology following vaginal delivery revealed by multiplanar anal endosonography. BJOG. 2002 Aug;109(8):942-6.

Pager CK, Solomon MJ, Rex J, Roberts RA. Long-term outcomes of pelvic floor exercise and biofeedback treatment for patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Aug;45(8):997-1003.

Nazir M, Carlsen E, Nesheim BI. Do occult anal sphincter injuries, vector volume manometry and delivery variables have any predictive value for bowel symptoms after first time vaginal delivery without third and fourth degree rupture? A prospective study. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2002 Aug;81(8):720-6.

Kaur G, Gardiner A, Duthie GS. Rectoanal reflex parameters in incontinence and constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Jul;45(7):928-33.

Takahashi T, Garcia-Osogobio S, Valdovinos MA, Mass W, Jimenez R, Jauregui LA, Bobadilla J, Belmonte C, Edelstein PS, Utley DS. Radio-frequency energy delivery to the anal canal for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Jul;45(7):915-22.

Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Marshall M, Kamm MA. Injectable silicone biomaterial for faecal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter dysfunction. Gut. 2002 Aug;51(2):225-8.
 
Grogan TA, Kramer DJ. The rectal trumpet: use of a nasopharyngeal airway to contain fecal incontinence in critically ill patients. J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2002 Jul;29(4):193-201.

Willis S, Faridi A, Schelzig S, Hoelzl F, Kasperk R, Rath W, Schumpelick V. Childbirth and incontinence: a prospective study on anal sphincter morphology and function before and early after vaginal delivery. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2002 Jun;387(2):101-7.

Kenefick NJ, Vaizey CJ, Cohen RC, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA. Medium-term results of permanent sacral nerve stimulation for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2002 Jul;89(7):896-901.

Wexner SD, Baeten C, Bailey R, Bakka A, Belin B, Belliveau P, Berg E, Buie WD, Burnstein M, Christiansen J, Coller J, Galandiuk S, Lange J, Madoff R, Matzel KE, Pahlman L, Parc R, Reilly J, Seccia M, Thorson AG, Vernava AM 3rd. Long-term efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Jun;45(6):809-18.

El-Sibai O, Shafik AA. Cauterization-plication operation in the treatment of complete rectal prolapse. Tech Coloproctol. 2002 Apr;6(1):51-4.

Cavanaugh M, Hyman N, Osler T. Fecal incontinence severity index after fistulotomy: a predictor of quality of life. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Mar;45(3):349-53.

Halverson AL, Hull TL. Long-term outcome of overlapping anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Mar;45(3):345-8.

Lehur PA, Zerbib F, Neunlist M, Glemain P, Bruley des Varannes S. Comparison of quality of life and anorectal function after artificial sphincter implantation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Apr;45(4):508-13.

Stojkovic SG, Balfour L, Burke D, Finan PJ, Sagar PM. Role of resting pressure gradient in the investigation of idiopathic fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 May;45(5):668-73.

Giordano P, Renzi A, Efron J, Gervaz P, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Wexner SD. Previous sphincter repair does not affect the outcome of repeat repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 May;45(5):635-40.

Stoker J, Bartram CI, Halligan S. Imaging of the posterior pelvic floor. Eur Radiol. 2002 Apr;12(4):779-88. Review.

Hannah ME, Hannah WJ, Hodnett ED, Chalmers B, Kung R, Willan A, Amankwah K, Cheng M, Helewa M, Hewson S, Saigal S, Whyte H, Gafni A. Outcomes at 3 months after planned cesarean vs planned vaginal delivery for breech presentation at term: the international randomized Term Breech Trial. JAMA. 2002 Apr 10;287(14):1822-31.

Perry S, Shaw C, McGrother C, Matthews RJ, Assassa RP, Dallosso H, Williams K, Brittain KR, Azam U, Clarke M, Jagger C, Mayne C, Castleden CM. Prevalence of faecal incontinence in adults aged 40 years or more living in the community. Gut. 2002 Apr;50(4):480-4.

Ferrara A, De Jesus S, Gallagher JT, Williamson PR, Larach SW, Pappas D, Mills J, Sepulveda JA.  Time-related decay of the benefits of biofeedback therapy. Tech Coloproctol. 2001 Dec;5(3):131-5.

Beer-Gabel M, Teshler M, Barzilai N, Lurie Y, Malnick S, Bass D, Zbar A. Dynamic transperineal ultrasound in the diagnosis of pelvic floor disorders: pilot study. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Feb;45(2):239-45; discussion 245-8.

Yip B, Barrett RC, Coller JA, Marcello PW, Murray JJ, Roberts PL, Rusin LC, Schoetz DJ Jr. Pudendal nerve terminal motor latency testing: assessing the educational learning curve: can we teach our own? Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Feb;45(2):184-7.

Chiarioni G, Bassotti G, Stegagnini S, Vantini I, Whitehead WE. Sensory retraining is key to biofeedback therapy for formed stool fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2002 Jan;97(1):109-17.

yabaca SM, Zbar AP, Pescatori M. Anal continence after rectocele repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2002 Jan;45(1):63-9.

Seccia M, Banti P, Zocco G, Viacava P. Restoration of fecal continence with chronic electrostimulation of gracilis muscle 17 years after a Pickrell's operation. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001 Nov;16(6):391-4.

Lynch AC, Dobbs BR, Keating J, Frizelle FA. The prevalence of faecal incontinence and constipation in a general New Zealand population; a postal survey. N Z Med J. 2001 Oct 26;114(1142):474-7.

Edwards NI, Jones D. The prevalence of faecal incontinence in older people living at home. Age Ageing. 2001 Nov;30(6):503-7.

Morren GL, Walter S, Hallbook O, Sjodahl R. Effects of magnetic sacral root stimulation on anorectal pressure and volume. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Dec;44(12):1827-33.

Tan M, O'Hanlon DM, Cassidy M, O'Connell PR. Advantages of a posterior fourchette incision in anal sphincter repair. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Nov;44(11):1624-9.

Zbar AP, Beer-Gabel M, Chiappa AC, Aslam M. Fecal incontinence after minor anorectal surgery. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Nov;44(11):1610-9; discussion 1619-23.

Feretis C, Benakis P, Dailianas A, Dimopoulos C, Mavrantonis C, Stamou KM, Manouras A, Apostolidis N, Androulakis G.  Implantation of microballoons in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Nov;44(11):1605-9.

Liberman H, Faria J, Ternent CA, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG. A prospective evaluation of the value of anorectal physiology in the management of fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Nov;44(11):1567-74.

 Altomare DF, Dodi G, La Torre F, Romano G, Melega E, Rinaldi M. Multicentre retrospective analysis of the outcome of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2001 Nov;88(11):1481-6.

Matzel KE, Madoff RD, LaFontaine LJ, Baeten CG, Buie WD, Christiansen J, Wexner S. Complications of dynamic graciloplasty: incidence, management, and impact on outcome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Oct;44(10):1427-35.

Halverson AL, Hull TL, Paraiso MF, Floruta C. Outcome of sphincteroplasty combined with surgery for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Oct;44(10):1421-6.

Shafik A, Ahmed A. The "uninhibited rectum": a cause of fecal incontinence. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001 Fall;24(3):159-63.

Tjandra JJ, Han WR, Ooi BS, Nagesh A, Thorne M. Faecal incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy is often associated with coexisting occult sphincter defects: a study using endoanal ultrasonography. ANZ J Surg. 2001 Oct;71(10):598-602.

Matzel KE, Madoff RD, LaFontaine LJ, Baeten CG, Buie WD, Christiansen J, Wexner S. Complications of dynamic graciloplasty: incidence, management, and impact on outcome. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Oct;44(10):1427-35.

Halverson AL, Hull TL, Paraiso MF, Floruta C. Outcome of sphincteroplasty combined with surgery for urinary incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Oct;44(10):1421-6.

Ganio E, Masin A, Ratto C, Altomare DF, Ripetti V, Clerico G, Lise M, Doglietto GB, Memeo V, Landolfi V, Del Genio A, Arullani A, Giardiello G, de Seta F. Short-term sacral nerve stimulation for functional anorectal and urinary disturbances: results in 40 patients: evaluation of a new option for anorectal functional disorders. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Sep;44(9):1261-7.

Buie WD, Lowry AC, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD. Clinical rather than laboratory assessment predicts continence after anterior sphincteroplasty. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Sep;44(9):1255-60.

Belmonte-Montes C, Hagerman G, Vega-Yepez PA, Hernandez-de-Anda E, Fonseca-Morales V. Anal sphincter injury after vaginal delivery in primiparous females. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Sep;44(9):1244-8.

Glazener CM, Herbison GP, Wilson PD, MacArthur C, Lang GD, Gee H, Grant AM. Conservative management of persistent postnatal urinary and faecal incontinence: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2001 Sep 15;323(7313):593-6.

Kim J, Shim MC, Choi BY, Ahn SH, Jang SH, Shin HJ.  Clinical application of continent anal plug in bedridden patients with intractable diarrhea. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1162-7.

Sato T, Konishi F, Minakami H, Nakatsubo N, Kanazawa K, Sato I, Itoh K, Nagai H. Pelvic floor disturbance after childbirth: vaginal delivery damages the upper levels of sphincter innervation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Aug;44(8):1155-61.

De Leeuw JW, Vierhout ME, Struijk PC, Hop WC, Wallenburg HC. Anal sphincter damage after vaginal delivery: functional outcome and risk factors for fecal incontinence. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001 Sep;80(9):830-4.

Rosen HR, Urbarz C, Holzer B, Novi G, Schiessel R. Sacral nerve stimulation as a treatment for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology. 2001 Sep;121(3):536-41.

Chaliha C, Sultan AH, Bland JM, Monga AK, Stanton SL. Anal function: effect of pregnancy and delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Aug;185(2):427-32.

Rentsch M, Paetzel C, Lenhart M, Feuerbach S, Jauch KW, Furst A. Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging defecography: a diagnostic alternative in the assessment of pelvic floor disorders in proctology. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Jul;44(7):999-1007.

Ganio E, Ratto C, Masin A, Luc AR, Doglietto GB, Dodi G, Ripetti V, Arullani A, Frascio M, BertiRiboli E, Landolfi V, DelGenio A, Altomare DF, Memeo V, Bertapelle P, Carone R, Spinelli M, Zanollo A, Spreafico L, Giardiello G, de Seta F. Neuromodulation for fecal incontinence: outcome in 16 patients with definitive implant. The initial Italian Sacral Neurostimulation Group (GINS) experience. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Jul;44(7):965-70.

Sapsford RR, Hodges PW. Contraction of the pelvic floor muscles during abdominal maneuvers.
Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2001 Aug;82(8):1081-8.

Malouf AJ, Chambers MG, Kamm MA. Clinical and economic evaluation of surgical treatments for faecal incontinence. Br J Surg. 2001 Aug;88(8):1029-36. Review.

Amae S, Wada M, Luo Y, Nakamura H, Yoshida S, Kamiyama T, Yambe T, Takagi T, Nitta S, Ohi R. Development of an implantable artificial anal sphincter by the use of the shape memory alloy.
ASAIO J. 2001 Jul-Aug;47(4):346-50.

Bliss DZ, Jung HJ, Savik K, Lowry A, LeMoine M, Jensen L, Werner C, Schaffer K. Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence. Nurs Res. 2001 Jul-Aug;50(4):203-13.

Williams AB, Malouf AJ, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Kamm MA, Kmiot WA. Assessment of external anal sphincter morphology in idiopathic fecal incontinence with endocoil magnetic resonance imaging. Dig Dis Sci. 2001 Jul;46(7):1466-71.

Faltin DL, Sangalli MR, Roche B, Floris L, Boulvain M, Weil A. Does a second delivery increase the risk of anal incontinence? BJOG. 2001 Jul;108(7):684-8.

MacArthur C, Glazener CM, Wilson PD, Herbison GP, Gee H, Lang GD, Lancashire R. Obstetric practice and faecal incontinence three months after delivery. BJOG. 2001 Jul;108(7):678-83.

Salvioli B, Bharucha AE, Rath-Harvey D, Pemberton JH, Phillips SF. Rectal compliance, capacity, and rectoanal sensation in fecal incontinence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001 Jul;96(7):2158-68.

Weber AM, Abrams P, Brubaker L, Cundiff G, Davis G, Dmochowski RR, Fischer J, Hull T, Nygaard I, Weidner AC. The standardization of terminology for researchers in female pelvic floor disorders. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(3):178-86.

Tankova L, Draganov V, Damyanov N. Endosonography for assessment of anorectal changes in patients with fecal incontinence. Eur J Ultrasound. 2001 Mar;12(3):221-5.

Cheetham MJ, Malouf AJ, Kamm MA. Fecal incontinence.
Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2001 Mar;30(1):115-30. Review.

Hull TL, Floruta C, Piedmonte M. Preliminary results of an outcome tool used for evaluation of surgical treatment for fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Jun;44(6):799-805.

Manning J, Eyers AA, Korda A, Benness C, Solomon MJ. Is there an association between fecal incontinence and lower urinary dysfunction? Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Jun;44(6):790-8.

Leroi AM, Michot F, Grise P, Denis P. Effect of sacral nerve stimulation in patients with fecal and urinary incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Jun;44(6):779-89.

Law PA, Danin JC, Lamb GM, Regan L, Darzi A, Gedroyc WM. Dynamic imaging of the pelvic floor using an open-configuration magnetic resonance scanner. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Jun;13(6):923-9.

Kohler A, Athanasiadis S. The value of posterior levator repair in the treatment of anorectal incontinence due to rectal prolapse--a clinical and manometric study. Langenbecks Arch Surg. 2001 Apr;386(3):188-92.

Shafik A. Magnetic pudendal neurostimulation: a novel method for measuring pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. Clin Neurophysiol. 2001 Jun;112(6):1049-52.

Alnaif B, Drutz HP. The prevalence of urinary and fecal incontinence in Canadian secondary school teenage girls: questionnaire study and review of the literature. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(2):134-137; discussion138.

Faltin DL, Sangalli MR, Curtin F, Morabia A, Weil A. Prevalence of anal incontinence and other anorectal symptoms in women. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2001;12(2):117-120; discussion 121.

Isbister WH. Anal incontinence surgery: a small personal experience. ANZ J Surg. 2001 May;71(5):290-1.

Heymen S, Jones KR, Ringel Y, Scarlett Y, Whitehead WE. Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence: a critical review. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 May;44(5):728-36.

Suilleabhain CB, Horgan AF, McEnroe L, Poon FW, Anderson JH, Finlay IG, McKee RF. The relationship of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency to squeeze pressure in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence.Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 May;44(5):666-71.

Ha HT, Fleshman JW, Smith M, Read TE, Kodner IJ, Birnbaum EH. Manometric squeeze pressure difference parallels functional outcome after overlapping sphincter reconstruction. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 May;44(5):655-60.

Ganio E, Luc AR, Clerico G, Trompetto M.Sacral nerve stimulation for treatment of fecal incontinence: a novel approach for intractable fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 May;44(5):619-29; discussion 629-31.

Meyer S, Hohlfeld P, Achtari C, De Grandi P. Pelvic floor education after vaginal delivery. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 May;97(5 Pt 1):673-7.

Norton C, Chelvanayagam S. Methodology of biofeedback for adults with fecal incontinence: A program of care.
J Wound Ostomy Continence Nurs. 2001 May;28(3):156-68.

Malouf AJ, Vaizey CJ, Norton CS, Kamm MA. Internal anal sphincter augmentation for fecal incontinence using injectable silicone biomaterial. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Apr;44(4):595-600.

Konsten J, Rongen MJ, Ogunbiyi OA, Darakhshan A, Baeten CG, Williams NS. Comparison of epineural or intramuscular nerve electrodes for stimulated graciloplasty. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Apr;44(4):581-6.

Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Veglia A, Guglielmi A, Sallustio PL, Tripoli G. Contribution of posture to the maintenance of anal continence. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2001 Feb;16(1):51-4.

Salom E, Penalver M, Estape R, Pietro P, Angioli R. The treatment of fecal incontinence after traumatic vaginal delivery: overlapping sphincteroplasty, internal anal sphincter imbrication, levatorplasty, culdoplasty, and perineorrhaphy. Obstet Gynecol. 2001 Apr;97(4 Suppl 1):S51.

Lasser P, Dube P, Guillot JM, Elias D. Pseudocontinent perineal colostomy following abdominoperineal resection: technique and findings in 49 patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2001 Feb;27(1):49-53.

Williams NS, Ogunbiyi OA, Scott SM, Fajobi O, Lunniss PJ. Rectal augmentation and stimulated gracilis anal neosphincter: a new approach in the management of fecal urgency and incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Feb;44(2):192-8.

Morren GL, Walter S, Lindehammar H, Hallbook O, Sjodahl R. Evaluation of the sacroanal motor pathway by magnetic and electric stimulation in patients with fecal incontinence. Dis Colon Rectum. 2001 Feb;44(2):167-72.

Cheetham MJ, Kamm MA, Phillips RK. Topical phenylephrine increases anal canal resting pressure in patients with faecal incontinence. Gut. 2001 Mar;48(3):356-9.

Malouf AJ, Halligan S, Williams AB, Bartram CI, Dhillon S, Kamm MA. Prospective assessment of interobserver agreement for endoanal MRI in fecal incontinence. Abdom Imaging. 2001 Jan-Feb;26(1):76-8.

AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000 Sep;175(3):741-5 Prospective assessment of accuracy of endoanal MR imaging and endosonography in patients with fecal incontinence. Malouf AJ, Williams AB, Halligan S, Bartram CI, Dhillon S, Kamm MA

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Aug;43(8):1100-6 Artificial anal sphincter: prospective clinical and manometric evaluation. Lehur PA, Roig JV, Duinslaeger M

Br J Surg 2000 Jul;87(7):902-8 Experimental study of faecal continence and colostomy irrigation. O'Bichere A, Sibbons P, Dore C, Green C, Phillips RK

Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2000 Jul 1;144(27):1318-23 Fecal incontinence: prevalence and role of rupture of the anal sphincter during delivery; literature analysis [Article in Dutch] Teunissen TA, Lagro-Janssen AL

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Jul;43(7):961-4; discussion 964-5 Randomized trial of fecal diversion for sphincter repair. Hasegawa H, Yoshioka K, Keighley MR

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Jul;43(7):927-31 Anorectal physiologic testing for bowel dysfunction in patients with spinal cord lesions. Tjandra JJ, Ooi BS, Han WR

Radiologe 2000 May;40(5):465-8 Endoanal magnetic resonance tomography in fecal incontinence [Article in German]Maier A, Fuchsjager M, Funovics M

Ann Surg 2000 Jul;232(1):143-8 Permanent sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence.Malouf AJ, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Jun;43(6):813-20 Results of sphincteroplasty in 86 patients with anal incontinence. Karoui S, Leroi AM, Koning E, Menard JF, Michot F, Denis P

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Jun;43(6):788-92 Biofeedback for fecal incontinence using transanal ultrasonography: novel approach. Solomon MJ, Rex J, Eyers AA, Stewart P, Roberts R

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Jun;43(6):743-51 Safety and efficacy of dynamic graciloplasty for fecal incontinence: report of aprospective, multicenter trial. Dynamic Graciloplasty Therapy Study Group.Baeten CG, Bailey HR, Bakka A, Belliveau P, Berg E, Buie WD, Burnstein MJ,Christiansen J, Coller JA, Galandiuk S, LaFontaine LJ, Lange J, Madoff RD, Matzel KE, Pahlman L, Parc R, Reilly JC, Seccia M, Thorson AG, Vernava AM 3rd, Wexner S

Int J Colorectal Dis 2000 Apr;15(2):87-90 Relationship between sphincter morphology on endoanal MRI and histopathological aspects of the external anal sphincter. Briel JW, Zimmerman DD, Stoker J, Rociu E, Lameris JS, Mooi WJ, Schouten WR

Br J Surg 2000 Jun;87(6):814-8 On-line quantitative analysis of surface electromyography of the pelvic floor in patients with faecal incontinence. Gee AS, Jones RS, Durdey P

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 May;43(5):633-6; discussion 636-7 Pudendal nerve function in idiopathic fecal incontinence. Rasmussen OO, Christiansen J, Tetzschner T, Sorensen M

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 May;43(5):590-6; discussion 596-8 Are sphincter defects the cause of anal incontinence after vaginal delivery? Results of a prospective study. Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia R, Vuagnat A, Benifla JL, Darai E, Madelenat P, Mignon M

Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000 May;182(5):1083-5 Severe perineal lacerations during vaginal delivery: the University of Miami experience. Angioli R, Gomez-Marin O, Cantuaria G, O'sullivan

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Jan;43(1):9-16; discussion 16-7 Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life Scale: quality of life instrument for patients with fecal incontinence. Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW, Kane RL, Mavrantonis C, Thorson AG, Wexner SD, Bliss D, Lowry AC

Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2000 May;81(5):683-5 Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of neurogenic constipation and fecal incontinence after spinal cord injury. Yang CC, Stiens SA

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD002111 Biofeedback and/or sphincter exercises for the treatment of faecal incontinence in adults. Norton C, Hosker G, Brazzelli M

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001757 Surgery for faecal incontinence in adults. Bachoo P, Brazzelli M, Grant A

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001406 Absorbent products for the containment of urinary and/or faecal incontinence in adults. Shirran E, Brazzelli M

Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;(2):CD001310 Electrical stimulation for faecal incontinence in adults. Hosker G, Norton C, Brazzelli M

Br J Surg 2000 May;87(5):586-9 Manometric assessment of an artificial bowel sphincter. Savoye G, Leroi AM, Denis P, Michot F

Ann Chir Gynaecol 2000;89(1):29-32 Functional results of anterior levatorplasty and external sphincter plication for faecal incontinence. Aitola P, Hiltunen KM, Matikainen M

Obstet Gynecol 2000 May;95(5):643-7 Diagnosis of anal sphincter tears by postpartum endosonography to predict fecal incontinence. Faltin DL, Boulvain M, Irion O, Bretones S, Stan C, Weil A

Gynecol Obstet Fertil 2000 Jan;28(1):15-22 Postpartum sphincter rupture and anal incontinence: prospective study with 259 patients [Article in French] Benifla JL, Abramowitz L, Sobhani I, Ganansia R, Darai E, Mignon M, Madelenat P

Ugeskr Laeger 2000 Mar 27;162(13):1887-9 Secondary anal sphincter repair following obstetric injury. Significance of age for the functional result [Article in Danish] Rasmussen OO, Puggaard IL, Christiansen J

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Mar;43(3):298-302 Double-blind crossover study of sacral nerve stimulation for fecal incontinence. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Roy AJ, Nicholls RJ

Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2000 Apr;89(2):159-63 Prospective study of the influence of parity and operative technique on the outcome of primary anal sphincter repair following obstetrical injury. Fitzpatrick M, Fynes M, Cassidy M, Behan M, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Feb;43(2):198-202; discussion 202-4 Preliminary experience in management of fecal incontinence caused by internal anal sphincter injury. Abou-Zeid AA

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Feb;43(2):146-53; discussion 153-4 Validation of a questionnaire to assess fecal incontinence and associated risk factors: Fecal Incontinence Questionnaire. Reilly WT, Talley NJ, Pemberton JH, Zinsmeister AR

Dis Colon Rectum 2000 Feb;43(2):135-41 Standards for anal sphincter replacement. Madoff RD, Baeten CG, Christiansen J, Rosen HR, Williams NS, Heine JA, Lehur PA, Lowry AC, Lubowski DZ, Matzel KE, Nicholls RJ, Seccia M, Thorson AG, Wexner SD, Wong WD

Lancet 2000 Jan 22;355(9200):260-5 Long-term results of overlapping anterior anal-sphincter repair for obstetric trauma. Malouf AJ, Norton CS, Engel AF, Nicholls RJ, Kamm MA

BMJ 2000 Jan 8;320(7227):86-90 Midline episiotomy and anal incontinence: retrospective cohort study. Signorello LB, Harlow BL, Chekos AK, Repke JT Obstetrics and Gynecology Epidemiology Center, Brigham and Women's Hospital,

Surg Today 1999;29(12):1243-7 The effect of vaginal delivery on the pelvic floor. Tsunoda A, Shibusawa M, Kamiyama G, Kusano M, Shimizu Y, Yanaihara T

Pediatr Surg Int 1999;15(8):559-61 The button cecostomy for management of fecal incontinence. Duel BP, Gonzalez R

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Dec;42(12):1537-43 Obstetric anal sphincter injury: prospective evaluation of incidence. Varma A, Gunn J, Gardiner A, Lindow SW, Duthie GS

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Dec;42(12):1525-32 Patient and surgeon ranking of the severity of symptoms associated with fecal incontinence: the fecal incontinence severity index. Rockwood TH, Church JM, Fleshman JW, Kane RL, Mavrantonis C, Thorson AG, Wexner SD, Bliss D, Lowry AC

Br J Surg 2000 Jan;87(1):38-42 Randomized controlled trial of topical phenylephrine in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Carapeti EA, Kamm MA, Phillips RK

Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999 Dec;181(6):1317-22; discussion 1322-3 A prospective cohort study of women after primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter laceration. Kammerer-Doak DN, Wesol AB, Rogers RG, Dominguez CE, Dorin MH

Br J Surg 1999 Dec;86(12):1543-8 Preliminary results of a multicentre trial of the electrically stimulated gracilis neoanal sphincter. Mander BJ, Wexner SD, Williams NS, Bartolo DC, Lubowski DZ, Oresland T, Romano G, Keighley MR

Obstet Gynecol 1999 Nov;94(5 Pt 1):689-94 Antenatal prediction of postpartum urinary and fecal incontinence. Chaliha C, Kalia V, Stanton SL, Monga A, Sultan AH

Br J Surg 1999 Oct;86(10):1322-7 External anal sphincter atrophy on endoanal magnetic resonance imaging adversely affects continence after sphincteroplasty. Briel JW, Stoker J, Rociu E, Lameris JS, Hop WC, Schouten WR

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Oct;42(10):1306-10 Long-term results of lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure with particular reference to incidence of fecal incontinence. Nyam DC, Pemberton JH

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Oct;42(10):1261-4 Do routinely measured delivery variables predict anal sphincter outcome? Varma A, Gunn J, Lindow SW, Duthie GS

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Oct;42(10):1253-60 Effect of delivery on anal sphincter morphology and function. Zetterstrom J, Mellgren A, Jensen LL, Wong WD, Kim DG, Lowry AC, Madoff RD, Congilosi SM

Abdom Imaging 1999 Nov-Dec;24(6):569-73 Anal endosonography after sphincter repair: specific patterns related to clinical outcome. Savoye-Collet C, Savoye G, Koning E, Thoumas D, Michot F, Denis P, Benozio M

Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Oct;94(10):2966-71 The longitudinal high-pressure zone profile in patients with fecal incontinence. Osterberg A, Graf W, Pahlman L

Br J Surg 1999 Sep;86(9):1159-63 Published erratum appears in Br J Surg 2000 Feb;87(2):249 Outcome of biofeedback for faecal incontinence. Norton C, Kamm MA

Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1999 Sep;11(9):1045-7 Electrostimulation is not a clinically effective treatment of anal incontinence. Leroi AM, Karoui S, Touchais JY, Berkelmans I, Denis P

Lancet 1999 Sep 18;354(9183):983-6 Effect of second vaginal delivery on anorectal physiology and faecal continence: a prospective study. Fynes M, Donnelly V, Behan M, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C

Endoscopy 1999 Aug;31(6):501-3 Percutaneous endoscopic cecostomy for antegrade colonic irrigation in fecally incontinent children. De Peppo F, Iacobelli BD, De Gennaro M, Colajacomo M, Rivosecchi M

Int J Colorectal Dis 1999 Aug;14(3):164-71 Total anorectal reconstruction by double graciloplasty: experience with delayed, selective use of implantable pulse generators. Violi V, Roncoroni L, Boselli AS, De Cesare C, Livrini M, Peracchia A

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Aug;42(8):1097-101 Total anorectal and partial vaginal reconstruction with dynamic graciloplasty and colonic vaginoplasty after extended abdominoperineal resection: report of a case. Rullier E, McBride T, Zerbib F, Caudry M, Saric J

AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999 Aug;173(2):389-92 Prevalence of anal sphincter defects revealed by sonography in 335 incontinent patients and 115 continent patients. Karoui S, Savoye-Collet C, Koning E, Leroi AM, Denis P

Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 1999;10(3):177-81 Anal incontinence after obstetric third- /fourth-degree laceration. One-year follow-up after pelvic floor exercises. Sander P, Bjarnesen J, Mouritsen L, Fuglsang-Frederiksen A

Radiology 1999 Aug;212(2):453-8 Fecal incontinence: endoanal US versus endoanal MR imaging. Rociu E, Stoker J, Eijkemans MJ, Schouten WR, Lameris JS

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999 Apr;106(4):324-30 Anal incontinence after vaginal delivery: a prospective study in primiparous women. Zetterstrom JP, Lopez A, Anzen B, Dolk A, Norman M, Mellgren A

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999 Apr;106(4):318-23 Primary repair of obstetric anal sphincter rupture using the overlap technique. Sultan AH, Monga AK, Kumar D, Stanton SL

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Jul;42(7):857-65; discussion 865-7 Long-term cost of fecal incontinence secondary to obstetric injuries. Mellgren A, Jensen LL, Zetterstrom JP, Wong WD, Hofmeister JH, Lowry AC

J Am Geriatr Soc 1999 Jul;47(7):837-41 Prevalence of combined fecal and urinary incontinence: a community-based study. Roberts RO, Jacobsen SJ, Reilly WT, Pemberton JH, Lieber MM, Talley NJ

Ann Surg 1999 Jul;230(1):45-8 Long-term results of artificial anal sphincter implantation for severe anal incontinence. Christiansen J, Rasmussen OO, Lindorff-Larsen K

AJR Am J Roentgenol 1999 Jul;173(1):179-85 Transvaginal sonography of the anal sphincter: reliable, or not? Stewart LK, Wilson SR

Obstet Gynecol 1999 Jul;94(1):21-8 Anal sphincter tears at vaginal delivery: risk factors and clinical outcome of primary repair. Zetterstrom J, Lopez A, Anzen B, Norman M, Holmstrom B, Mellgren A

Dis Colon ectum 1999 Jun;42(6):762-9 Pudendal neuropathy and severity of incontinence but not presence of an anal sphincter defect may determine the response to biofeedback therapy in fecal incontinence. Leroi AM, Dorival MP, Lecouturier MF, Saiter C, Welter ML, Touchais JY, Denis P

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Jun;42(6):753-8; discussion 758-61 A prospective, randomized study comparing the effect of augmented biofeedback with sensory biofeedback alone on fecal incontinence after obstetric trauma. Fynes MM, Marshall K, Cassidy M, Behan M, Walsh D, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C

Am J Gastroenterol 1999 Jun;94(6):1556-63 Fecal incontinence with normal anal canal pressures: where is the pitfall? Siproudhis L, Bellissant E, Pagenault M, Mendler MH, Allain H, Bretagne JF, Gosselin M

Chirurg 1999 Apr;70(4):469-75 Anal sphincter restoration using dynamic graciloplasty--results of 50 patients [Article in German] Rosen HR, Ausch C, Novi G, Zoch G, Feil W, Schiessel R

J Urol 1999 Jun;161(6):1813-6 Antegrade continence enema for the treatment of fecal incontinence in adults: use of gastric tube for catheterizable access to the descending colon. Bruce RG, el-Galley RE, Wells J, Galloway NT

Ann Surg 1999 May;229(5):739-43; discussion 743-4 Anal ultrasound predicts the response to nonoperative treatment of fecal incontinence in men. Chen H, Humphreys MS, Kettlewell MG, Bulkley GB, Mortensen N, George BD

Scand J Gastroenterol 1999 Mar;34(3):319-24 Is electrostimulation of the pelvic floor an effective treatment for neurogenic faecal incontinence? Osterberg A, Graf W, Eeg-Olofsson K, Hallden M, Pahlman L

Scand J Gastroenterol 1999 Mar;34(3):315-8 Incidence and obstetric risk factors of postpartum anal incontinence. Groutz A, Fait G, Lessing JB, David MP, Wolman I, Jaffa A, Gordon D

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Mar;42(3):313-8 Postoperative anal canal length predicts outcome in patients having sphincter repair for fecal incontinence. Hool GR, Lieber ML, Church JM

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Apr;42(4):505-9 Muscle change after anal sphincter reinnervation by a normal somatic peripheral nerve: preliminary study. Sato T, Konishi F, Kanazawa K

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Apr;42(4):497-504 ublished erratum appears in Dis Colon Rectum 1999 May;42(5):578 Stimulated graciloplasty for treatment of intractable fecal incontinence: critical influence of the method of stimulation. Mavrantonis C, Billotti VL, Wexner SD

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Apr;42(4):482-5 Electromyography of the external anal sphincter: comparison between needle and surface electrodes. Lopez A, Nilsson BY, Mellgren A, Zetterstrom J, Holmstrom B

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Apr;42(4):457-9 Early discharge after external anal sphincter repair. Rosenberg J, Kehlet H

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Apr;42(4):451-6 Anal sphincter reconstruction by dynamic graciloplasty after abdominoperineal resection for cancer. Rouanet P, Senesse P, Bouamrirene D, Toureille E, Veyrac M, Astre C, Bacou F

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Jan;42(1):16-23 Is bowel confinement necessary after anorectal reconstructive surgery? A prospective, randomized, surgeon-blinded trial. Nessim A, Wexner SD, Agachan F, Alabaz O, Weiss EG, Nogueras JJ, Daniel N, Billotti VL

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Feb;42(2):252-7 A pilot study of total pelvic floor repair or gluteus maximus transposition for postobstetric neuropathic fecal incontinence. Yoshioka K, Ogunbiyi OA, Keighley MR

Dis Colon Rectum 1999 Feb;42(2):193-5 Anal sphincter repair in patients with obstetric trauma: age affects outcome. Rasmussen OO, Puggaard L, Christiansen J

Eur Radiol 1999;9(3):436-43 High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging of the anal sphincter using a dedicated endoanal receiver coil. deSouza NM, Williams AD, Gilderdale DJ

Aust N Z J Surg 1999 Mar;69(3):172-7 The effect of vaginal delivery on anal function. Rieger N, Wattchow D

Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1999 Jan 30;119(3):365-6 Anal plug in fecal incontinence [Article in Norwegian] Alstad B, Sahlin Y, Myrvold HE

Br J Surg 1999 Jan;86(1):66-9 Results of repeat anal sphincter repair. Pinedo G, Vaizey CJ, Nicholls RJ, Roach R, Halligan S, Kamm MA

Br J Surg 1999 Jan;86(1):61-5 Dynamic graciloplasty in the treatment of patients with faecal incontinence. Sielezneff I, Malouf AJ, Bartolo DC, Pryde A, Douglas S

Gut 1999 Mar;44(3):407-12 Effects of short term sacral nerve stimulation on anal and rectal function in patients with anal incontinence. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Turner IC, Nicholls RJ, Woloszko J

Ugeskr Laeger 1999 Jan 18;161(3):253-6 Treatment of anal incontinence and constipation with transanal irrigation [Article in Danish] Krogh K, Kvitzau B, Jorgensen TM, Laurberg S

Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 1998;115:488-93 Dynamic gracilis-plasty as final therapeutic possibility in anorectal incontinence [Article in German] Kohler A, Ommer A, Athanasiadis S

Gut 1999 Jan;44(1):77-80 Prospective comparison of faecal incontinence grading systems. Vaizey CJ, Carapeti E, Cahill JA, Kamm MA

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Dec;41(12):1516-22 Pudendal neuropathy is predictive of failure following anterior overlapping sphincteroplasty. Gilliland R, Altomare DF, Moreira H Jr, Oliveira L, Gilliland JE, Wexner SD

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998 Nov;105(11):1211-3 Prevalence of faecal incontinence among women with urinary incontinence. Khullar V, Damiano R, Toozs-Hobson P, Cardozo L

Int J Colorectal Dis 1998;13(4):157-9 Anorectal pressure gradient and rectal compliance in fecal incontinence. Rasmussen OO, Ronholt C, Alstrup N, Christiansen J

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Oct;41(10):1297-311 Internal anal sphincter: advances and insights. Sangwan YP, Solla JA

Br J Surg 1998 Oct;85(10):1433-8 Third-degree obstetric perineal tear: long-term clinical and functional results after primary repair. Poen AC, Felt-Bersma RJ, Strijers RL, Dekker GA, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG

Br J Surg 1998 Oct;85(10):1389-93 Combining the strength-duration curve of the external anal sphincter with manometry for the assessment of faecal incontinence. Monk DN, Mills P, Jeacock J, Deakin M, Cowie A, Kiff ES

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998 Aug;77(7):736-40 Third degree obstetric tears; outcome after primary repair. Gjessing H, Backe B, Sahlin Y

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Aug;41(8):1005-9 Pudendal nerve latency. Does it predict outcome of anal sphincter repair? Chen AS, Luchtefeld MA, Senagore AJ, Mackeigan JM, Hoyt C

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Aug;41(8):1000-4 Accuracy and reliability of transanal ultrasound for anterior anal sphincter injury. Sentovich SM, Wong WD, Blatchford GJ

J Reprod Med 1998 Jul;43(7):576-80 Surgical repair of fecal incontinence. Correlation of sonographic anal sphincter integrity with subjective cure. Kammerer-Doak DN, Dominguez C, Harner K, Dorin MH

Lancet 1998 Jul 11;352(9122):105-9 Clinical, physiological, and radiological study of a new purpose-designed artificial bowel sphincter. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Gold DM, Bartram CI, Halligan S, Nicholls RJ

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Jun;41(6):725-33; discussion 733-4 Cost-effectiveness of dynamic graciloplasty in patients with fecal incontinence. Adang EM, Engel GL, Rutten FF, Geerdes BP, Baeten CG

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Jun;41(6):705-13 Perineal body measurement improves evaluation of anterior sphincter lesions during endoanal ultrasonography. Zetterstrom JP, Mellgren A, Madoff RD, Kim DG, Wong WD

Int J Gynaecol Obstet 1998 May;61(2):113-9 Occult anal sphincter trauma following randomized forceps and vacuum delivery. Sultan AH, Johanson RB, Carter JE

Int J Colorectal Dis 1998;13(2):88-92 Outcome of patients with an implanted artificial anal sphincter for severe faecal incontinence. A single institution report. Lehur PA, Glemain P, Bruley des Varannes S, Buzelin JM, Leborgne J

Int J Colorectal Dis 1998;13(2):73-7 Prevalence of fecal incontinence: what can be expected? Giebel GD, Lefering R, Troidl H, Blochl H

Ugeskr Laeger 1998 May 25;160(22):3218-22 Anal and urinary incontinence after obstetric anal sphincter rupture [Article in Danish] Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Lose G, Christiansen J

J Clin Gastroenterol 1998 Apr;26(3):175-8 Anorectal manometric characteristics in men and women with idiopathic fecal incontinence. Mitrani C, Chun A, Desautels S, Wald A

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1998 Apr;77(4):439-43 Objective methods cannot predict anal incontinence after primary repair of extensive anal tears. Goffeng AR, Andersch B, Andersson M, Berndtsson I, Hulten L, Oresland T

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 May;41(5):602-5 Is rectal intussusception a cause of idiopathic incontinence? Lazorthes F, Gamagami R, Cabarrot P, Muhammad S

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 May;41(5):593-7 Paradoxical high anal resting pressures in men with idiopathic fecal seepage. Parellada CM, Miller AS, Williamson ME, Johnston D

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 May;41(5):590-2 Electrostimulation in fecal incontinence: relevance of the sphincteric compound muscle action potential. Jost WH

Zentralbl Chir 1998;123(3):224-9 Value of electrotherapy within the scope of conservative treatment of anorectal incontinence [Article in German] Sprakel B, Maurer S, Langer M, Diller R, Spiegel HU, Winde G

Zentralbl Chir 1998;123(3):218-22; discussion 222-3 Clinical effects of childbirth with median episiotomy and anal sphincter injury on fecal incontinence of primiparous women [Article in German] Franz HB, Benda N, Gonser M, Backert IT, Jehle EC

Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1998 Feb;90(2):85-93 Can digital examination substitute anorectal manometry for the evaluation of anal canal pressures? Buch E, Alos R, Solana A, Roig JV, Fernandez C, Diaz

Am J Surg 1998 Mar;175(3):187-93 Restoration of anal sphincter function by single-stage dynamic graciloplasty with a modified (split sling) technique. Rosen HR, Novi G, Zoech G, Feil W, Urbarz C, Schiessel R

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Apr;41(4):423-7 Incontinence after lateral internal sphincterotomy: anatomic and functional evaluation. Garcia-Aguilar J, Belmonte Montes C, Perez JJ, Jensen L, Madoff RD, Wong WD

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Feb;41(2):209-14 Clinical outcome of anterior overlapping external anal sphincter repair with internal anal sphincter imbrication. Briel JW, de Boer LM, Hop WC, Schouten WR

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Feb;41(2):200-8 Parameters of the rectoanal inhibitory reflex in patients with idiopathic fecal incontinence and chronic constipation. Zbar AP, Aslam M, Gold DM, Gatzen C, Gosling A, Kmiot WA

Br J Surg 1998 Mar;85(3):293-9 Management of faecal incontinence following obstetric injury. Cook TA, Mortensen NJ

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Mar;41(3):365-9 Pelvic floor procedures produce no consistent changes in anatomy or physiology. van Tets WF, Kuijpers JH

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Mar;41(3):359-64 Biofeedback training in patients with fecal incontinence. Glia A, Gylin M, Akerlund JE, Lindfors U, Lindberg G

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Mar;41(3):350-3 No correlation between perineal position and pudendal nerve terminal motor latency in healthy perimenopausal women. Ryhammer AM, Laurberg S, Hermann AP

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Mar;41(3):344-9 Successful overlapping anal sphincter repair: relationship to patient age, neuropathy, and colostomy formation. Young CJ, Mathur MN, Eyers AA, Solomon MJ

Dis Colon Rectum 1998 Mar;41(3):336-43 Fatigue rate index as a new measurement of external sphincter function. Marcello PW, Barrett RC, Coller JA, Schoetz DJ Jr, Roberts PL, Murray JJ, Rusin LC

Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih (Taipei) 1997 Nov;60(5):252-8 Does anastomotic method affect functional outcome of low anterior resection for rectal carcinoma? Jiang JK, Lin JK

Langenbecks Arch Chir 1997;382(6):311-8 Improving anal continence by selective stimulation of the external anal sphincter muscle [Article in German] Lorenz D, Karaorman M, Wipfler G, Junemann P, Richter A, Rumstadt B

Br J Surg 1998 Jan;85(1):88-91 Dynamic graciloplasty for severe anal incontinence. Christiansen J, Rasmussen OO, Lindorff-Larsen K

Gut 1997 Sep;41(3):381-9 Gastrointestinal transit and prolonged ambulatory colonic motility in health and faecal incontinence. Herbst F, Kamm MA, Morris GP, Britton K, Woloszko J, Nicholls RJ

Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12(6):323-5 Sphincteroplasty for incontinence after surgery for idiopathic fistula in ano. Engel AF, Lunniss PJ, Kamm MA, Phillips RK

Wiad Lek 1997;50 Su 1 Pt 1:151-4 Treatment of fecal incontinence by overlapping sphincteroplasty [Article in Polish] Koscinski T, Marti MC

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Dec;40(12):1430-4 Diagnosing anal sphincter injury with transanal ultrasound and manometry. Sentovich SM, Blatchford GJ, Rivela LJ, Lin K, Thorson AG, Christensen MA

Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12(5):308-12 Electrostimulated gracilis neosphincter for faecal incontinence and in total anorectal reconstruction: still an experimental procedure? Altomare DF, Rinaldi M, Pannarale OC, Memeo V

Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12(5):303-7 Correlation of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency with the results of anal manometry. Rieger NA, Sarre RG, Saccone GT, Schloithe AC, Wattchow DA

Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12(5):280-4 Reliability of pudendal nerve terminal motor latency. Tetzschner T, Sorensen M, Rasmussen OO, Lose G, Christiansen J

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Oct;40(10):1220-7 Pudendal neuropathy is the only parameter differentiating leakage from solid stool incontinence. Kafka NJ, Coller JA, Barrett RC, Murray JJ, Roberts PL, Rusin LC, Schoetz DJ Jr

Rev Hosp Clin Fac Med Sao Paulo 1997 Jan-Feb;52(1):1-12 Prevalence of anal incontinence in the elderly population: an epidemiological study of the elderly population served at the geriatric ambulatory service of the Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo [Article in Portugese] Lopes MC, Teixeira MG, Jacob Filho W, Carvalho Filho ET, Habr-Gama A, Pinotti HW

Br J Surg 1997 Sep;84(9):1269-73 Experimental model of pudendal nerve innervation of a skeletal muscle neosphincter for faecal incontinence. Congilosi SM, Johnson DR, Medot M, Tretinyak A, McCormick SR, Wong WD, Rothenberger DA, Madoff RD

Br J Surg 1997 Sep;84(9):1265-8 Preoperative increase in neuromuscular jitter and outcome following surgery for faecal incontinence. Gee AS, Durdey P

Surgery 1997 Sep;122(3):626-31 Control of fecal incontinence: continued success with the Malone procedure. chell SR, Toogood GJ, Dudley NE

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 Sep;104(9):1009-13 Perineal examination as a predictor of underlying external anal sphincter damage. Frudinger A, Bartram CI, Spencer JA, Kamm MA

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 Sep;104(9):999-1003 Exoanal ultrasound of the anal sphincter: normal anatomy and sphincter defects. Peschers UM, DeLancey JO, Schaer GN, Schuessler B

Aust N Z J Surg 1997 Aug;67(8):566-70 Postanal repair for faecal incontinence: long-term follow-up. Rieger NA, Sarre RG, Saccone GT, Hunter A, Toouli J

Br J Surg 1997 Aug;84(8):1127-9 Assessment of ischaemia of the distal part of the gracilis muscle during transposition for anal dynamic graciloplasty. Geerdes BP, Kurvers HA, Konsten J, Heineman E, Baeten CG

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Aug;40(8):907-11 Electromyographic assessment of biofeedback training for fecal incontinence and chronic constipation. Patankar SK, Ferrara A, Larach SW, Williamson PR, Perozo SE, Levy JR, Mills J

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Aug;40(8):896-901 Are special investigations of value in the management of patients with fecal incontinence? Keating JP, Stewart PJ, Eyers AA, Warner D, Bokey EL Central Sydney Continence and Pelvic Floor Clinic, The University of Sydney,

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Aug;40(8):883-8 Bilateral gluteoplasty for fecal incontinence. Devesa JM, Madrid JM, Gallego BR, Vicente E, Nuno J, Enriquez JM

Arch Surg 1997 Aug;132(8):829-33; discussion 833-4 Biofeedback is effective therapy for fecal incontinence and constipation. Ko CY, Tong J, Lehman RE, Shelton AA, Schrock TR, Welton ML

J Pediatr Surg 1997 Jul;32(7):1045-7; discussion 1047-8 Gluteus maximus augmentation for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Meehan JJ, Hardin WD Jr, Georgeson KE

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997 Jul;76(6):601-3 Can women with intrapartum rupture of anal sphincter still suffer after-effects two decades later? Haadem K, Gudmundsson S

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Jul;40(7):835-9 Long-term results of total pelvic floor repair for postobstetric fecal incontinence. Korsgen S, Deen KI, Keighley MR

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Jul;40(7):821-6 Prospective trial of pelvic floor retraining in patients with fecal incontinence. Rieger NA, Wattchow DA, Sarre RG, Cooper SJ, Rich CA, Saccone GT, Schloithe AC, Toouli J, McCall JL

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Jul;40(7):811-6 Anal sensitivity test: what does it measure and do we need it? Cause or derivative of anorectal complaints. Felt-Bersma RJ, Poen AC, Cuesta MA, Meuwissen SG

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Jul;40(7):802-5 Clinical value of colonic irrigation in patients with continence disturbances. Briel JW, Schouten WR, Vlot EA, Smits S, van Kessel I

Urol 1997 Jul;158(1):192-5 Combined Mitrofanoff and antegrade continence enema procedures for urinary and fecal incontinence. Mor Y, Quinn FM, Carr B, Mouriquand PD, Duffy PG, Ransley PG

Obstet Gynecol 1997 Jun;89(6):896-901 Anal incontinence after anal sphincter disruption: a 30-year retrospective cohort study. Nygaard IE, Rao SS, Dawson JD

Radiology 1997 Jun;203(3):621-4 Fecal incontinence in children: treatment with percutaneous cecostomy tube placement--a prospective study. Chait PG, Shandling B, Richards HM, Connolly BL

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Apr;40(4):462-7 Transanal ultrasound and anorectal physiology findings affecting continence after sphincteroplasty. Ternent CA, Shashidharan M, Blatchford GJ, Christensen MA, Thorson AG, Sentovich SM

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Apr;40(4):457-61 Clinical value of anorectal manometry index in neurogenic fecal incontinence. Meshkinpour H, Movahedi H, Welgan P

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1997 Mar;76(3):266-70 Anorectal manometry in women with urinary stress incontinence. Kjolhede P, Hallbook O, Ryden G, Sjodahl R

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 Mar;104(3):311-5 The influence of oestrogen replacement on faecal incontinence in postmenopausal women. Donnelly V, O'Connell PR, O'Herlihy C

Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Mar;92(3):469-75 How useful are manometric tests of anorectal function in the management of defecation disorders? Rao SS, Patel RS

Am J Gastroenterol 1997 Mar;92(3):465-8 Anal sphincter structure and function in homosexual males engaging in anoreceptive intercourse. Chun AB, Rose S, Mitrani C, Silvestre AJ, Wald A

Lancet 1997 Mar 1;349(9052):612-5 Primary degeneration of the internal anal sphincter as a cause of passive faecal incontinence. Vaizey CJ, Kamm MA, Bartram CI

Dis Colon Rectum 1997 Feb;40(2):197-200 Biofeedback improves functional outcome after sphincteroplasty. Jensen LL, Lowry AC

Br J Surg 1997 Feb;84(2):226-30 Surgical management of anorectal incontinence due to internal anal sphincter deficiency. Morgan R, Patel B, Beynon J, Carr ND

Int J Colorectal Dis 1997;12(4):243-5 Internal anal sphincter repair. Leroi AM, Kamm MA, Weber J, Denis P, Hawley PR

Swiss Surg 1997;3(3):112-6 Results of anal sphincteroplasty in fecal incontinence--significance of intra-anal ultrasound imaging [Article in German] Peterli R, Ackermann C, Herzog U, Schuppisser JP, Tondelli P

Scand J Gastroenterol 1997 Jan;32(1):34-8 Effects of loperamide oxide on gastrointestinal transit time and anorectal function in patients with chronic diarrhoea and faecal incontinence. Sun WM, Read NW, Verlinden M

Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997 Jan;104(1):46-50 Faecal incontinence after childbirth. MacArthur C, Bick DE, Keighley MR

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Dec;39(12):1356-60 Overlap repair of damaged anal sphincter. A single surgeon's series. Sitzler PJ, Thomson JP

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Dec;39(12):1345-51 Artificial anal sphincter. Wong WD, Jensen LL, Bartolo DC, Rothenberger DA

J Am Coll Surg 1996 Dec;183(6):553-8 Clinical consequences of anal sphincter rupture during vaginal delivery. Fornell EK, Berg G, Hallbook O, Matthiesen LS, Sjodahl R

AJR Am J Roentgenol 1996 Dec;167(6):1465-71 MR imaging of the anal sphincter in multiparous women using an endoanal coil: correlation with in vitro anatomy and appearances in fecal incontinence. deSouza NM, Puni R, Zbar A, Gilderdale DJ, Coutts GA, Krausz T

Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1996 Nov;75(10):892-5 Immunohistochemical assessment of steroid hormone receptors in tissues of the anal canal. Implications for anal incontinence? Franz HB, Wendler D, Oettling G

Am J Gastroenterol 1996 Nov;91(11):2360-6 Can biofeedback therapy improve anorectal function in fecal incontinence? Rao SS, Welcher KD, Happel J

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Oct;39(10):1164-70 Audit of sphincter repair. Factors associated with poor outcome. Nikiteas N, Korsgen S, Kumar D, Keighley MR

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Sep;39(9):992-4 Biofeedback treatment is ineffective in neurogenic fecal incontinence. van Tets WF, Kuijpers JH, Bleijenberg G

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Sep;39(9):957-64 Stimulated gracilis neosphincter operation. Initial experience, pitfalls, and complications. Wexner SD, Gonzalez-Padron A, Rius J, Teoh TA, Cheong DM, Nogueras JJ, Billotti VL, Weiss EG, Moon HK

Plast Reconstr Surg 1996 Sep;98(4):693-9 The stimulated gracilis neosphincter for fecal incontinence: a new use for an old concept. Wexner SD, Gonzalez-Padron A, Teoh TA, Moon HK

Clin Radiol 1996 Aug;51(8):559-61 Endosonographic assessment of postpartum anal sphincter injury using a 120 degree sector scanner. Campbell DM, Behan M, Donnelly VS, O'Herlihy C, O'Connell PR

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Aug;39(8):912-7 Dynamic graciloplasty. Complications and management. Geerdes BP, Heineman E, Konsten J, Soeters PB, Baeten CG

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Aug;39(8):878-85 Anal sphincter repair improves anorectal function and endosonographic image. A prospective clinical study. Felt-Bersma RJ, Cuesta MA, Koorevaar M

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Aug;39(8):860-4 Investigation of fecal incontinence with endoanal ultrasound. Rieger NA, Sweeney JL, Hoffmann DC, Young JF, Hunter A

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Aug;39(8):852-9 Long-term effect of vaginal deliveries on anorectal function in normal perimenopausal women. Ryhammer AM, Laurberg S, Hermann AP

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Jul;39(7):811-6 Surgical treatment of traumatic cloaca. Venkatesh KS, Ramanujam P

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Jul;39(7):794-8 Prospective comparative study of abnormal distal rectoanal excitatory reflex, pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, and single fiber density as markers of pudendal neuropathy. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC, Murray JJ, Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ Jr

Aust N Z J Surg 1996 Jun;66(6):353-7 Stimulated gracilis neosphincter: a new procedure for anal incontinence. Kennedy ML, Nguyen H, Lubowski DZ, King DW

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Jun;39(6):686-9 Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Impact on outcome of anal sphincter repair. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett RC, Roberts PL, Murray JJ, Rusin L, Schoetz DJ Jr

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Jun;39(6):671-4; discussion 674-5 Long-term results of anterior levatorplasty for fecal incontinence. A retrospective study. Osterberg A, Graf W, Holmberg A, Pahlman L, Ljung A, Hakelius L

Radiology 1996 May;199(2):529-32 Fecal incontinence: transvaginal US evaluation of anatomic causes. Alexander AA, Liu JB, Merton DA, Nagle DA

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 May;39(5):489-93 Does eversion of the anorectum during restorative proctocolectomy influence functional outcome? Miller AS, Lewis WG, Williamson ME, Sagar PM, Holdsworth PJ, Johnston D

Br J Surg 1996 Apr;83(4):502-5 Physiological and clinical outcome of anterior sphincteroplasty. Oliveira L, Pfeifer J, Wexner SD

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Mar;39(3):289-93 Level of highest mean resting pressure segment in the anal canal. A quantitative assessment of anal sphincter function. Goes RN, Simons AJ, Beart RW Jr

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Mar;39(3):249-51 Unilateral pudendal neuropathy. Significance and implications. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Barrett MS, Murray JJ, Roberts PL, Schoetz DJ Jr

Endoscopy 1996 Feb;28(2):217-24 Anal sphincter defects in fecal incontinence: correlation between endosonography and surgery. Meyenberger C, Bertschinger P, Zala GF, Buchmann P

Br J Surg 1996 Feb;83(2):218-21 Incidence of third-degree perineal tears in labour and outcome after primary repair. Walsh CJ, Mooney EF, Upton GJ, Motson RW

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Feb;39(2):182-90 Outcome of restorative perineal graciloplasty with simultaneous excision of the anus and rectum for cancer. A ten-year experience with 81 patients. Cavina E

Acta Gastroenterol Latinoam 1996;26(2):105-10 Biofeedback: a simple and efficient method in the treatment of fecal incontinence [Article in Spanish] Laudanno OM, Iantorno G, Tome M

Zentralbl Chir 1996;121(8):681-7 Surgical treatment concept in traumatic sphincter lesions [Article in German] Ecker KW, Hildebrandt U, Feifel G

Int J Colorectal Dis 1996;11(1):15-8 Gracilis muscle transposition in the treatment of faecal incontinence. Sielezneff I, Bauer S, Bulgare JC, Sarles JC

Br J Radiol 1996 Jan;69(817):6-9 External anal sphincter defects: correlation between pre-operative anal endosonography and intraoperative findings. Romano G, Rotondano G, Esposito P, Pellecchia L, Novi A

Dis Colon Rectum 1996 Jan;39(1):59-65 Spectrum of abnormal rectoanal reflex patterns in patients with fecal incontinence. Sangwan YP, Coller JA, Schoetz DJ, Roberts PL, Murray JJ

Am J Gastroenterol 1996 Jan;91(1):33-6 Epidemiology of fecal incontinence: the silent affliction. Johanson JF, Lafferty J